how to jibe a sailboat

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How To Jibe Like the Pros

• By Gary Jobson
• December 1, 2023

The most important word when jibing is control. The helmsperson, sail trimmers and entire crew need to be diligent. The mainsail boom will swing across the boat with great force if important steps are not taken. There are many cases of serious injuries to unsuspecting crew who were hit in the head by the boom, or who tumbled overboard with the rapid change of course.

By contrast, completing a successful jibe provides great satisfaction when executed with precision.  

The best time to jibe is when a boat is sailing at full speed. The force of the apparent wind on a sail is less when sailing swiftly, which makes steering easy. The reason to jibe is to head on a more direct course toward a desired destination, or to take advantage of a shift in wind.

In advance of a jibe, one person, who is usually steering, should hail the crew about the intention to jibe. This is the proper time to assign specific duties to each crewmember so that everyone is clear about their role during the jibe.  

Once in proper position, the crew should stand by for a countdown to the maneuver. The helmsperson should turn the boat slowly, leaving no one caught off guard. Verbally state the new course, and visually look at any references, such as objects on shore or other boats, to know where the boat will be heading after the jibe.   

The sail trimmer should trim in the sails as the boat makes the turn. This is particularly important with the mainsail. Keep the sail under control so that the boom doesn’t swing wildly across the deck. Trim in the mainsail as the boat turns, and let it out rapidly as the sails fill on the new course. Just before the mainsail swings over, the helmsperson should hail, “Heads!” This will alert the crew to keep their heads low. 

In heavy wind, the ­helmsperson can execute an S-course jibe. Just as the mainsail is swinging across, the helmsperson turns the boat briefly in the direction the mainsail is heading. This action depowers the wind’s force on the mainsail. Once the boat is on the new course, the mainsail can be eased out to its most efficient position. The course that is steered is the shape of the letter S.

In winds less than 10 knots, most boats will jibe through 70 to 90 degrees. In stronger winds, a boat will jibe through 60 degrees or less. In a good blow, I suggest easing off the boom vang and securing the traveler in one place before jibing. This will depower the pressure on the sails and the rig.   

The jibing process is more complicated when a ­spinnaker is being flown. If the ­spinnaker is symmetrical with a ­spinnaker pole, then the helmsperson should be particularly careful when steering. The foredeck crew needs to exert downward and forward pressure on the spinnaker pole to keep it under control as it is being rehooked to the mast.   

Avoid rapid turns. Give your crew adequate time to shift the spinnaker pole. The sail trimmer in the cockpit is positioned to keep the sail full. Good teamwork is the key.

In recent years, the asymmetrical spinnaker has become a popular sail. I find that inside jibes are generally more efficient. This is when the sail passes inside the fore-triangle. The sail trimmer eases out the old sheet so that there is plenty of line to trim on the new jibe. The turn of the boat is usually a little faster than when jibing with a symmetrical sail, but it should not be any faster than the sail trimmer can move the sail from one side of the boat to the other. Continue changing course smoothly and constantly when jibing with an asymmetrical spinnaker. A pause can cause the sail to wrap.   

I find it interesting how many modern yachts resort to roller furling systems to handle forward sails. This applies to headsails and staysails. The sail is simply rolled up before jibing and rolled back out after the jibing maneuver is complete.  

I suppose I could add a technique or two for schooners and other multimast boats.  For example, schooners set a gollywobbler between the masts. On some schooners, it is best to have two of these quadrilateral sails ready to set on either jibe. When it is time to change course and jibe, take down one and hoist up the other on the new jibe. You just need two sails. But that is a story for another day. 

5 keys to safe jibing

• Give the crew ample warning that a jibe is about to take place.
• Assign each crewmember a specific job.
• Keep the mainsail under control; don’t let the boom fly across the boat.
• Look for a reference point on land to head for on the new course.
• Do not turn the boat too quickly.

Hall of Fame sailor Gary Jobson is a CW editor-at-large. 

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How to Jibe

Last Updated: October 8, 2021 References

This article was co-authored by Nitzan Levy . Captain Nitzan Levy is a Sailor, Social Entrepreneur, and the Founder of Sailors NYC, a recreational sailors’ club based in Jersey City, New Jersey that specializes in cruising boats and a variety of community programs. Capt. Levy has over 20 years of sailing experience and has sailed in many places around the world including: the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, The Caribbean, and the Indian Ocean. Capt. Levy is a U.S. Coast Guard Licensed Master of vessels up to 50 Tons with Auxiliary Sail and Assistance Towing Endorsements. Capt. Levy is also a NauticEd Level V Captain Rank Chief Instructor, an American National Standards Assessor, an SLC instructor, an ASA (American Sailing Association) Certified Instructor Bareboat Chartering, and an Israeli licensed skipper on Boats for International Voyages. There are 7 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been viewed 9,890 times.

Jibing, or gybing, is the act of putting the stern, or rear of the boat, through the wind. This boating technique requires you to move the sails on your boat to the opposite side of the boat so that they catch the wind at a different angle. Jibing can be dangerous because of the velocity in which the sail and boom move across the boat. However, if you follow the right techniques and communicate effectively, you can safely jibe while in a sailboat. [1] X Research source

Performing a Jibe

• Doing this before you turn the boat wheel will prevent the mainsail and boom from swinging across the boat.

Communicating The Jibe

• Alternatively, you can say "Prepare to jibe."

Expert Q&A

You Might Also Like

• ↑ http://www.schoolofsailing.net/tacking-and-jibing.html
• ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RNRbLrxDs3E&feature=youtu.be&t=4m32s
• ↑ https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-gybe-a-sailboat-2915467
• ↑ http://www.nauticed.org/sailing-blog/how-to-gybe-a-sailboat-single-handed/
• ↑ http://northern-light-sf.com/procedures/mainsheet.shtml#toc-lee-jibing
• ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RNRbLrxDs3E&feature=youtu.be&t=5m45s
• ↑ http://www.sailingworld.com/mastering-blow-through-jibes#page-2

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HOW TO JIBE SAFELY

When your destination is downwind on the opposite tack, then a jibe is called for. A jibe has three steps:

• Starting from a broad reach, initiate the jibe with the command “Prepare to jibe.” Release the preventer and turn slowly downwind.
• When the wind is dead astern, the jib will jibe itself. This is the signal to hold a steady course, pull the mainsail amidships, and then ease it all the way out on the new tack with the hail “Jibe Ho.”
• After the sails are across, continue the turn to your new course.

Tips for Jibing Safely

• The jib is the clue to a successful jibe.
• Once the jib comes across on its own, trim the new jib sheet and hold a steady course while bringing the mainsail across by hand.
• Use a slow turn
• Keep control of the mainsail so the boom will not fly across. A slow turn allows time to trim and control the main.
• Ease the main quickly
• As the main jibes, ease the mainsheet all the way out—just let it run.
• Watch your course
• In stronger breeze, as the main jibes it will load the helm and try to turn the boat quickly up into the wind. Watch your course, and correct the helm to keep the boat from rounding up.
• In light air as the jib jibes, grab all the parts of the mainsheet and fling the main across to the new jibe.
• Don’t be shy about jibing
• In all but the breeziest conditions, a well executed jibe is a safe and effective way to change tacks.

Prevent an Accidental Jibe

If the jib jibes itself unexpectedly, it is a signal that the main may soon follow. To prevent an uncontrolled jibe, head up immediately. Straighten out once the jib returns to its normal position. As a precaution, always keep your head down when you see the jib cross the boat, and use a preventer to secure the boom.

Gennaker Jibes

There are a couple of ways to jibe a Gennaker. One method is to snuff the spinnaker, re-lead the spinnaker sheet to the new leeward side, and redeploy after the boat and mainsail have been jibed. The Snuffer and Gennaker go around the outside of the forestay on a jibe. The disadvantage of this jibing technique is that you must go forward to pass the Snuffer around the headstay. (Only if the Gennaker is flown from a jib halyard beneath the forestay would you take the Gennaker inside the forestay on a jibe.)

The Gennaker can also be jibed while still flying. Square down to a very broad reach, tension the windward Gennaker sheet, and haul hard as you release the working sheet. Pull and pull and pull until the sail collapses, inverts, and starts to trim back on the new jibe; then finish the turn and jibe the main. The trick is to have the turn follow the trim – trim the Gennaker most of the way through the jibe before jibing the boat.

If the turn is too fast (or trim too slow), and the boat is jibed before the sail is trimmed, then the spinnaker can blow through behind the forestay, or it can wrap on itself, or around the forestay.

Spinnaker Jibes

Short handed jibes are a challenge. The easiest technique is to snuff the sail, drop the outboard end of the pole to the deck, and pull the snuffed spinnaker around the bow with the sheets. Then jibe the main, reset the pole, and redeploy the spinnaker. You can also use a “dip pole” technique, but this requires at least one designated foredeck person as well as someone on the helm. For more, read Perfect Spinnaker Jibes

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Mastering the Art of Tacking and Jibing: A Comprehensive Guide

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Welcome to our comprehensive guide, where we delve into the art of two fundamental sailing maneuvers: tacking and jibing. If you’re new to the world of sailing, these terms may seem unfamiliar, but fear not, we’re here to demystify them.

Tacking and jibing are essential maneuvers that every sailor, regardless of their experience level, should understand and master. But what do these terms actually mean?

In sailing, the wind’s direction plays a vital role in determining the course and speed of a sailboat. Since a sailboat cannot move directly into the wind, sailors use a technique called tacking to move ‘upwind’ or ‘into the wind.’ Tacking involves changing the boat’s direction by turning its bow (the front of the boat) through the wind, so that the wind changes from one side of the boat to the other.

Jibing (or gybing, as it’s known in some regions), on the other hand, is a maneuver used when sailing ‘downwind’ or ‘with the wind.’ It’s the opposite of tacking and involves changing the boat’s direction by turning its stern (the back of the boat) through the wind, causing the sail to switch from one side of the boat to the other.

Mastering these techniques is essential because they allow sailors to navigate effectively and safely under various wind conditions. Without these skills, your control over the boat is limited and can even lead to dangerous situations, especially in heavy weather conditions. By learning and practicing these maneuvers, you can enhance your ability to steer the boat accurately, boost your confidence on the water, and truly maximize your enjoyment of sailing.

In the upcoming sections, we’ll provide a detailed exploration of tacking and jibing techniques, offering step-by-step instructions, common mistakes to avoid, and practical tips to help you navigate the waters like a pro. Let’s set sail on this exciting journey!

Understanding the Basics

Before we dive deeper into tacking and jibing, it’s crucial to understand some fundamental sailing concepts – namely sailing upwind, downwind, and the points of sail .

When we refer to sailing ‘upwind’ or ‘windward’, we mean sailing in the direction from which the wind is coming. On the other hand, sailing ‘downwind’ or ‘leeward’ refers to sailing in the direction the wind is blowing towards. However, due to the design of sailboats and the physics of sailing, a sailboat cannot sail directly upwind or downwind efficiently. This is where tacking and jibing come into play.

Now let’s talk about the ‘points of sail.’ The point of sail is the boat’s course in relation to the wind direction. There are five main points of sail:

• In Irons (Into the Wind): This is when the boat is facing directly into the wind and can make little to no forward progress.
• Close-Hauled : The closest course to the wind that a boat can sail. The boat sails as tightly as possible towards the wind at roughly a 45-degree angle.
• Beam Reach : The wind is coming directly across the boat. This is often where the boat can achieve its highest speed.
• Broad Reach: The wind is coming from behind the boat, but not directly – it’s off to one side.
• Running (Downwind) : The boat is sailing in the same direction the wind is blowing.

Tacking and jibing are the techniques sailors use to change their direction or point of sail . When you’re sailing upwind (from close-hauled to a beam reach), you perform a series of ‘tacks’ to zigzag your way towards your destination. This is also known as ‘beating.’ Each turn or change of direction where the bow of the boat passes through the wind is a ‘tack.’

When you’re sailing downwind (from a broad reach to running), you perform a series of ‘jibes’ to move from one direction to another. In a jibe, the stern of the boat passes through the wind, causing the sails to switch sides.

In the next sections, we will delve into the step-by-step processes of tacking and jibing, ensuring you can execute these maneuvers with confidence and precision. By mastering these skills, you’ll be well on your way to navigating the open seas more effectively.

The Art of Tacking

Tacking is a fundamental sailing maneuver that allows a boat to move ‘upwind,’ towards the direction from which the wind is coming. Since a sailboat cannot sail directly into the wind due to the forces on its sails, sailors use a zigzag pattern, making a series of turns to progress upwind. Each of these turns, where the bow of the boat moves through the wind, is known as a ‘tack.’

Step-by-Step Guide to Executing a Tack

• Preparation:

Before initiating a tack, ensure you have enough sea room to perform the maneuver safely. Look around for other vessels, obstacles, or shallow water. The crew should be alerted and prepared to move the sails as needed. Once you’re ready to start, you’re sailing ‘close-hauled,’ or as close to the wind as your boat can efficiently sail.

Start by pushing or turning the tiller (or turning the wheel) towards the wind slowly. This action will cause the bow of your boat to head towards the wind, an area referred to as being ‘in irons.’ The sail will start to flap as it loses the wind.

• Completion:

Once the bow has crossed through the wind, quickly bring the tiller back to the central position to stop the turn. The boat should now be on the opposite tack, and the sail will fill with wind again. Adjust the sail for the new tack, and you’re back to sailing close-hauled, but in the opposite direction.

Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

• Tacking too quickly: If you turn the boat too quickly, the sail may not have enough time to switch sides, and you could end up stuck ‘in irons.’ To avoid this, remember to make your turn gradually and smoothly.
• Not letting the sail loose quickly enough: If you don’t release the sail at the right time, it can prevent the boat from completing the tack. Make sure to coordinate with your crew (if you have one) to release and then trim the sail at the right times.
• Not using enough momentum: Particularly in light wind conditions, it’s important to enter the tack with enough speed. If you’re moving too slowly, you might not have enough momentum to complete the tack.

Practical Tips for Effective Tacking

• Practice your tacks in various wind conditions to understand how the wind speed and direction can affect your maneuvers.
• Clear communication with your crew can make the tacking process much smoother, especially when it comes to moving the sails.
• Always keep a lookout for potential obstacles, other vessels, or changes in the wind or water conditions.
• Remember, smooth and steady wins the race. Don’t rush the tacking process. It’s better to perform the maneuver slowly and correctly than to rush and make mistakes.

Mastering the art of tacking is a gradual process that comes with practice. But with these steps and tips in mind, you’ll be well on your way to proficiently navigating your sailboat upwind.

Mastering Jibing

Jibing, or gybing, is another vital sailing maneuver, essentially the opposite of tacking. While tacking involves changing the boat’s direction by moving the bow through the wind, jibing entails changing the boat’s course by passing its stern through the wind. This maneuver is most commonly used when sailing downwind, allowing the boat to shift from one ‘gybe’ (or side of the boat the wind is on) to the other.

Step-by-Step Guide to Executing a Jibe

Before initiating a jibe, ensure you have a clear path and enough space to perform the maneuver safely. Inform your crew about the upcoming maneuver so they can prepare to adjust the sails. At the start of a jibe, your boat should be on a ‘broad reach,’ with the wind coming from behind the boat and off to one side.

Gently turn the tiller or wheel away from the main sail. This action will cause your boat to bear away from the wind and the stern will start to move through the wind. As the boat turns, the sail will begin to move across the boat.

As the stern passes through the wind, the sail will quickly shift from one side of the boat to the other. It’s essential to control this move to prevent damage or injury. Once the sail has filled on the new side, straighten the tiller or wheel and adjust your course for the new gybe.

• Allowing the boom to swing across uncontrollably : This is a frequent and potentially dangerous mistake. Always control the boom’s movement using the mainsheet during the jibe.
• Jibing unintentionally: This can occur if the boat accidentally turns its stern through the wind. To avoid this, keep a firm grip on the tiller or wheel and maintain awareness of your course relative to the wind.
• Not preparing your crew : Everyone on board needs to know when a jibe is about to happen. The quick movement of the boom can cause injuries if crew members aren’t prepared.

Practical Tips for Safe and Effective Jibing

• Always be mindful of the boom. Ensure all crew members are aware of its movement during a jibe to avoid injuries.
• Practicing jibing in lighter wind conditions can be a good way to get the hang of the maneuver before attempting it in stronger winds.
• Clear and prompt communication with your crew is vital, especially when adjusting the sails.
• It can be useful to plan your course after the jibe beforehand, so you can quickly adjust and keep the boat moving smoothly.

Jibing, like tacking, is an essential skill in the sailor’s toolbox. While it can seem daunting at first, especially given the speed at which the sail moves across the boat, with practice, patience, and adherence to safety measures, you can master this maneuver and sail downwind efficiently.

Tacking vs. Jibing

Tacking and jibing, though seemingly opposite maneuvers, are two sides of the same coin – both are ways to change the direction of a sailboat relative to the wind. The primary difference lies in which part of the boat (bow or stern) passes through the wind and whether the boat is moving upwind (tacking) or downwind (jibing).

Comparing and Contrasting the Techniques

• Direction relative to the wind: Tacking is used when you want to move upwind, in the direction the wind is coming from. On the other hand, jibing is used when sailing downwind, in the direction the wind is blowing towards.
• Part of the boat through the wind: In tacking, the bow of the boat moves through the wind, causing the sails to switch sides. In jibing, the stern moves through the wind, again causing the sails to switch sides.
• Speed of the maneuver: Tacking generally involves a slow and steady change of direction and the sails move across the boat relatively slowly. In contrast, jibing is a faster maneuver where the sail moves across the boat quickly, and if not controlled properly, can be quite dangerous.

When to Use Each Technique

The sailing conditions, including the direction and strength of the wind and your desired course, determine whether tacking or jibing is the appropriate maneuver:

• Tacking: T his is the maneuver to use when you want to sail towards the wind (upwind). Tacking is typically the safer and more controlled of the two maneuvers and can be used in a wide range of wind conditions. However, in very light wind conditions, maintaining enough speed to complete the tack can be challenging.
• Jibing: Use this maneuver when you’re sailing with the wind (downwind). It’s important to note that jibing should be performed with caution, particularly in strong wind conditions, as the boom and sail can swing across the boat with significant force. In heavy winds, it may be safer to perform a series of ‘chicken jibes’ (essentially, tacking instead of jibing to change direction when downwind) to keep the boat under control.

By understanding the differences between tacking and jibing and knowing when to use each technique, you can sail more effectively and safely, no matter the wind conditions. Up next, we’ll discuss why regular practice of these maneuvers is crucial and suggest some drills to help you improve your tacking and jibing skills.

Practice Makes Perfect

While understanding the theory behind tacking and jibing is essential, sailing is a hands-on activity, and there’s no substitute for getting out on the water and practicing these maneuvers yourself. Regular practice allows you to build muscle memory, refine your technique, and learn how to respond to different wind and water conditions.

The Importance of Regular Practice

Practice is the cornerstone of mastering any skill, and sailing is no different. Each sailboat has its quirks and unique handling characteristics, and every change in wind and wave conditions presents a new set of challenges. By practicing regularly, you get to know your boat and how it responds under different conditions. Regular tacking and jibing drills will make these maneuvers become second nature, allowing you to perform them safely and efficiently even under pressure.

Drills to Help Improve Tacking and Jibing Skills

• Figure-Eight Drill: This drill involves sailing in a figure-eight pattern, alternating between tacking and jibing at each turn. This exercise will help you practice transitioning smoothly between different points of sail.
• Windward/Leeward Drill : Set up two markers (buoys, if available) in a downwind/upwind configuration. Practice sailing upwind through a series of tacks and then downwind with a series of jibes.
• Man Overboard Drill : Although this is primarily a safety drill, it also provides good tacking and jibing practice. Simulate a man-overboard situation and practice maneuvering your boat to ‘rescue’ the overboard crew member.

Safety Considerations During Practice

Safety should always be your top priority when practicing these maneuvers. Here are some considerations to keep in mind:

• Monitor Weather Conditions : Check the weather forecast before you go out and keep an eye on the sky. Don’t practice tacking and jibing for the first time in strong wind or rough water conditions.
• Wear Appropriate Safety Gear : Ensure everyone on board is wearing a life jacket. Depending on conditions, you might also need harnesses and tethers, particularly for crew members moving about the boat during tacks and jibes.
• Be Aware of Your Surroundings : Always keep a lookout for other boats, obstacles, or shallow water. Remember that other vessels may not anticipate your maneuvers, so always give way as required.
• Control the Boom : The boom can move swiftly and forcefully during tacks and particularly jibes. Keep clear of its path and control its movement with the mainsheet.

Remember, the key to mastering the art of tacking and jibing is patience and consistent practice. Happy sailing!

Mastering the techniques of tacking and jibing is a crucial part of becoming a proficient sailor. These maneuvers allow you to harness the power of the wind, no matter its direction, and to navigate your sailboat safely and effectively in a variety of conditions. Tacking enables you to zigzag your way upwind, while jibing allows you to change direction efficiently when sailing downwind.

Understanding the theory behind these techniques is only the beginning. Each tack or jibe on the water brings new insights and challenges. From different wind strengths and directions to unique boat characteristics, each situation provides a valuable learning experience.

The importance of regular practice cannot be overstated. Through a combination of drills and real-world experience, you’ll find your skills and confidence growing. It is through these repetitive actions that the maneuvers of tacking and jibing will become second nature, allowing you to focus on other aspects of sailing.

Safety is paramount when performing these maneuvers. Always be aware of your surroundings, control the movement of your sails, and ensure all crew members are prepared and equipped with appropriate safety gear.

In the end, continuous learning and practice are at the heart of sailing. Even the most experienced sailors will tell you that they learn something new every time they go out on the water. So embrace the journey and remember – the art of tacking and jibing is not just about changing your course; it’s about mastering the wind and waves, understanding your boat, and developing as a sailor. 

Additional Resources

To further enhance your knowledge and skills in tacking and jibing, here are some resources that you may find helpful. These include books, videos, courses, and websites dedicated to sailing techniques, as well as sources for diagrams that can help illustrate these maneuvers.

• “The Annapolis Book of Seamanship: Fourth Edition” by John Rousmaniere. This book is a comprehensive guide to sailing that covers a wide range of topics, including detailed sections on tacking and jibing.
• “Sail and Rig Tuning” by Ivar Dedekam. This book presents a clear understanding of how to tune your rig and sails to increase your boat’s performance.
• Tacking and Gybing – RYA. A short and concise video that provides visual demonstrations of both tacking and jibing.
• Sailing – How to Tack and Gybe – BoatUS. These videos offer step-by-step instructions and tips for executing these maneuvers.
• RYA Sailing Courses : The Royal Yachting Association offers a range of sailing courses, from beginner to advanced levels.
• U.S. Sailing Courses : U.S. Sailing provides comprehensive educational programs that teach the science, art, and fun of sailing.
• SailNet Community : A forum where you can ask questions and share experiences with other sailors.
• Sailing World : Provides a wealth of articles and resources on all aspects of sailing, including technique guides and expert advice.

What are tacking and jibing?

Tacking and jibing are sailing maneuvers used to change the boat's direction relative to the wind. Tacking involves turning the bow (front) of the boat through the wind, changing from one tack (or side) to the other. Jibing is similar but involves turning the stern (back) of the boat through the wind.

Why is mastering tacking and jibing essential?

Mastering tacking and jibing is crucial because these maneuvers allow you to sail effectively and safely in any direction, regardless of where the wind is coming from. They are fundamental skills for any sailor and will enhance your overall sailing experience.

What is meant by sailing upwind and downwind?

Sailing upwind, or beating, means you're sailing against the direction the wind is coming from. Sailing downwind, or running, means you're sailing in the same direction as the wind. Tacking is generally used when sailing upwind, while jibing is used when sailing downwind.

What are the steps involved in executing a tack?

The key steps involved in tacking are the preparation (alerting the crew, positioning the boat), the execution (turning the boat into the wind, switching the sails), and completion (settling onto the new tack). Each step requires specific actions from the crew.

What are some common mistakes in tacking and how can they be avoided?

Common mistakes during tacking include not steering a steady course, turning the boat too quickly or too slowly, and not coordinating the sail trim with the turn. These can be avoided by good communication, practicing the maneuver, and understanding how your specific boat responds to helm and sail adjustments.

How is jibing different from tacking?

Generally, you should tack when you're sailing upwind and want to change direction, and jibe when you're sailing downwind and want to change direction. The conditions, such as wind strength and direction, and the boat's course will also influence this decision.

What are some drills to improve my tacking and jibing skills?

Drills such as the figure-eight drill or the windward/leeward drill can be very effective. These involve repeated tacking and jibing maneuvers, helping you refine your technique and build muscle memory.

What safety considerations should I bear in mind while practicing?

Always check the weather conditions before heading out, wear appropriate safety gear, stay aware of your surroundings, and control the boom carefully during these maneuvers, particularly when jibing. Safety should always be your top priority when out on the water.

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Tacking and Jibing

Published by admin on may 27, 2019 may 27, 2019.

As we’ve seen, a sailboat cannot sail directly into the wind. The “no-go” zone covers approximately 45° on either side of the wind, so how does a sailboat move toward a desired point that is located upwind? The answer is by tacking back and forth on a zigzag-like path.

While the tack of a boat refers to its direction with respect to the wind, tacking refers to the action of turning into the wind so that the bow of the boat passes through the wind. With such an action, the sails are “flipped” to the opposite side and the boat assumes a tack on the other side of the wind. For example, a boat tacks from a close-hauled starboard tack to a close-hauled port tack. Note that the word tack is used to describe both the heading and the action of turning.

A sailboat can also turn so that the stern of the boat passes through the wind. This action is known as a jibe . The boom and sails are flipped to the other side of the boat for both a tack and a jibe, but the distinction is whether the boat is turning into or away from the wind.

Although tacking and jibing may seem like the same thing, there are some key differences that need to be kept in mind.

First, the sails, and the boom are much further extended during a typical jibe than a typical tack. Although it is possible – and sometimes advisable – to tack from a port broad reach to a starboard broad reach by tacking 300° into the wind, most often such a turn is accomplished by jibing 60° away from the wind. Conversely, it is possible to jibe between close-hauled tacks, but there is no reason to ever do so intentionally. The sheeting angle is larger on downwind points of sail, the only circumstances for a jibe, so the boom travels a much further distance relative to the boat during a jibe than a tack. This difference can easily be seen by comparing the sheeting angles (the angle between the sails and the boat) in the illustrations below.

Second, the boom swings much more rapidly during a jibe than a tack. Notice from the figures that a tacking boat passes through the no-go zone, causing the sails to luff as the boat turns. The wind gradually fills the sails as the boat comes out of the tack. On the other hand, during a jibe, with the wind coming from behind the boat, the boat does not pass through the no-go zone, and the wind pushes the sails from fully extended on one side of the boat to fully extended on the other side of the boat nearly instantaneously. In fact, the wind can so easily change sides of the sail when the boat is pointing downwind, a jibe can even accidentally on runs.

These two factors, the distance and the rapidity of boom travel add up to a jibe being much more violent than a tack. This can be dangerous to the boat, and more importantly to the people aboard. Large forces created by the boom swing can cause wear and tear on the mast and rigging, and can also cause injury – potentially severe – if the boom comes in contact with someone’s head. For this reason, the danger to the boat and crew, some charter companies forbid running, and you also might consider a similar moratorium on downwind sailing in high winds.

Tacking Procedure

Now that we’ve described tacking and jibing, we’ll cover the actual procedure of each. The figure below gives the procedure for executing a tack. Note that the steps are described in terms of the captain’s actions and those of the crew. On a single-manned sailboat, obviously, the captain would have to also carry out the crew’s actions, and the communications wouldn’t be necessary.

First, the captain announces the intention to tack by calling out “prepare to come about,” or “ready about?” The crew then prepares for the tack by uncleating – but not releasing – the active jib sheet. The sheet is held in place by hand, and kept wrapped on the winch if one is being used. If there are enough crew, one person can get in position on the opposite side of the boat near the other jib sheet. Once in position and prepared, the crew lets the captain know by calling out “ready about,” or “ready.”

Next, the captain shifts the rudder or wheel hard to turn the boat across the wind towards the opposite tack, while announcing, “coming about” or “helm is alee.” As the bow turns, the jib luffs and the crew releases the active jib sheet by simply letting go or calmly unwrapping it from the winch.

While the jib is still luffing, the crew sets the opposite jib sheet – wrapping it around the winch if one is used – and cleats it.

After the boat has reached the desired heading, the mainsail and jib can be trimmed further. The crew can make any remaining adjustments to the jib sheet and the traveler can be adjusted for the mainsail. Notice that no adjustments to the mainsheet are necessary for a simple tack to the opposite point of sail.

There are a couple things that can go wrong with a tack, both relating to working the jib sheets. If the active jib sheet is released too soon, the boat will lose power and may not have enough momentum to make it through the entire turn. Since the boat is turning through the no-go zone, momentum is critical for maintaining headway and steerage. If the jib sheet is released too soon, or the turn is not sharp enough, the boat can end up in irons.

Another possibility is that the opposite jib sheet is not set quickly enough by the crew. If the jib sheet is not set while the jib is luffing, it can become difficult to bring in the sheet with the sail full of wind. In this case, the captain can turn back into the wind slightly, allowing the jib to luff and making it easier for crew to work the sheets. Just be sure not to turn too far back into the wind and end up in irons.

Jibing Procedure

The jibing procedure is similar to a tack. The main difference is that the mainsail is the focus of a jibe while the jib is the focus of a tack. To reduce the danger of the boom swinging across the boat, the mainsheet is brought in as the boat turns and then let out after the wind fills the sail on the other side. This reduces the boom travel at the moment that the wind switches from one side of the sail to the other, which greatly reduces danger.

The captain announces the intention to jibe by asking the crew to “prepare to jibe.” The crew then responds by getting in position to work the mainsheet and announcing “ready to jibe.”

The captain then begins to turn the boat – more gradually than during a tack – announcing “jibe ho” or “helm is aweather.” The crew must then bring in the mainsheet as the boat begins to turn.

Once the boom swings across the boat – hopefully not very far since the mainsheet has been brought in – the crew begins to let out the mainsheet. When the jibe is complete, the crew can set the jib and make any remaining adjustments to the mainsheet and traveler.

Notice that the jib is not adjusted until the end of the jibe. Since the boat is not turning through the no-go zone as in a tack, there is no need to worry about losing momentum. The main concern is the danger of the boom swing. In racing situations or when more crew hands are available, the jib can be worked during the turn, but it’s not necessary for making the turn.

Preventing an Accidental Jibe

The potential danger of an accidental jibe, as mentioned earlier, can be reduced by avoiding sailing directly downwind on a run. Another rule of thumb involves monitoring the angle between the bottom of the jib and the horizon. When the bottom of the jib falls so this angle is less than 45°, it’s an indication that you may be getting too close to a run and an accidental jibe is possible. Adjust by heading up a bit towards a broad reach point of sail.

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The Difference Between Tacking And Jibing (Gybing)

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When I first started out, I remember going through my very first tacks and jibes.  The skipper would call out “Ready About!” and I will admit, I was not ready at all. I watched and listened as more seasoned sailors around me rapidly released ropes free of winches, while others wrapped ropes around other winches.  Ropes were sent flying off the side, and other ropes were hauled in with ferocity, almost desperation. The boat would heel from one side to the other uncomfortably and I lost my balance regularly. My tacking and jibing knowledge was “baptism by fire”, and I had to learn quick.  I found that actually taking part in the process of tacking and jibing sealed my understanding of these two processes. On that trip, I became one of the well-oiled-machine-crew as we tacked and jibed our way up and down the channel. It was awesome!

I hope to break down these concepts in this guide so that you too can get a jumpstart on understanding the difference between tacking and jibing. If you understand the principles upfront, your actual hands on experience will be so much easier.

What is the difference between a tacking and a jibing?  Tacking is how you head upwind , pointing as high into the wind as possible, to keep the sails full.  A jibe is conducted when you are heading downwind . Both involve the processes of turning the boat to change course when the current direction of travel is no longer possible or safe.

But wait…..How can a sailboat go against the wind?

Sailing Against the Wind

In the explanation that follows, I will be assuming the wind is steady and is  coming from one direction only.

When heading upwind, a sailboat is said to be on a tack. Now, by upwind I don’t mean directly into the wind.  Sailboats need to turn away from the wind by about 45 degrees so the the sails can fill with wind. This is about as high as a sailboat can ‘point’ upwind.  The wind will be blowing over one side of the boat, and the other side will not be in the direct wind. The windward side is called the weather rail, the no-wind side is called the lee.

Sailing upwind is possible in the same way flying is possible for an airplane wing. When wind passes by a wing it goes both over the top and under the bottom of the wing. The wing shape is designed so that wind travelling over the wing has to travel further than the same wind going under the wing. This creates lift. You can recreate this by holding the edge of a piece of paper horizontally up to your mouth.  Blowing air at the edge across the “top” side of the sheet. From a hanging down position, the paper will lift and flap in the wind you created. The fast wind flowing across the top of the sheet will cause it to lift.

The same thing is happens as a sailboat tacks upwind.  The only difference is, the lift of the sails is kept contained by securing the loose ends of the sail to the boat by ropes.  These ropes are called sheets.

Just like blowing across the “top” of a horizontal sheet, the wind blows into the forward edge of a sail, creating a wing like shape, and the principles of lift take over.  If you’ve ever watched the America’s Cup sailing races, you will notice that the main sail of the racing sailboats is literally a vertical wing.

There is one more key component to sailing upwind, and that is the keel and rudder.  Without the keel, the sailboat would be pushed sideways by the oncoming wind. The keel enables the boat to establish a line of travel by not allowing the wind to push the boat sideways. The rudder works with the keel, once the boat is in motion, to establish the direction of that line.  

What is Tacking?

Sailboats can’t sail directly into the wind.  They can only head up about 30 – 45 degrees off the angle of the wind.  From a bird’s eye view, sailboats look like they are zig-zagging their way to their destination when they are tacking.  When heading upwind, you will either be on a port tack or a starboard tack. A port tack means the wind is coming over your port (left) side, and a starboard tack is when the wind is over your starboard (right) side.  While on a tack, your sails will likely be close hauled. That means that the sails are pulled in as tight (or close) to the boat as possible. When you find that you need to turn the boat, you will need do a tack. This is the only way to “make way” upwind.  

In a tack, if you point your course too high upwind, your sails will flap like a flag.  Point your course too low, and you may pick up some great speed, but you won’t make any headway upwind.  Effective tacking means finding the balance between pointing high, and maintaining speed.

What is Jibing?

Jibing happens when you are heading downwind.  It should be thought of as turning the stern across the wind, as opposed to turning the bow across the wind.  When you need to jibe the boat, you use the same basic techniques as tacking, only the main and jib sheets are most of the way out.

How to Tack

Tacking is when you change the course of the sailboat by steering the bow across the wind. As the bow is steered across the path of the wind, the sails will fill on the other side, and the boat will heel over the other way.  The boat will now be travelling approximately 90 degrees from the last heading.

There are a few things to coordinate in a successful tack. Communication with your crew is very important.  As the boat approaches an area that the skipper feels is suitable for a tack, he will call out “Ready About!”  The crew then takes position at the winch, ready to let all of the jib sheet go. The skipper will then call out “Coming About!”  This is when he/she will steer the bow aggressively across the wind by about 90 degrees. Now is the time to release all of the jib sheet.  The jib sail will flap like a flag as the bow crosses the wind. This is the time to haul in tight on the other jib sheet. If you time it right, and with enough practice, a good crew can complete a tack with minimal lost speed.  

How to Jibe

Heading downwind, the principles of sailing are a little easier to understand.  The sails are filled with wind and are pushed by it. This is called running, and it is a direct line of travel with the direction of the wind. A sailboat that is running with the wind (or Wing-on-Wing) will have the main on one side of the boat, and the jib on the other.   Running requires the jib and main sheets to be let out nearly all the way. This allows the boom to move out and away from the cockpit, about 90 degrees. The same thing happens with the jib sail. Letting the jib sheet out allows the sail to catch the wind at about 90 degrees.  When the boat course needs to change, the boat is steered in such a way as for the stern to cross the wind. The wind will fill the backside of one of the sails as the boat turns. This can cause the boom to swing quite rapidly from one side of the boat to the other. This is a real danger to your crew if they are not prepared.  Being hit by the boom could be deadly.

If the boom remains in place, the jib will be the sail to backwind and need to be reset. The jib sheet will need to be released from the winch it was on, and hauled in on the other winch, just a bit.  

Running requires a great deal of attention to the wind and to the position of the sails.  It is not easy to keep both the main and jib sail full of wind. Accidental jibing happens all the time.  Many skippers prefer the broad reach as a way to keep under control a little better. Broad reaching is at times faster than running.  It is also a way to let your guard down a bit and relax while making way downwind.

Broad reaching is different than running, in that both of the sails will be on the same side of the boat.  It is not a direct line of travel with the wind, but looks more like a zig zag pattern. Jibing while broad reaching involves the same process as tacking, however the stern of the boat crosses the wind, as opposed to the bow.    

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Thank You, Your explanation as to the differences between tacking and jibing are crystal clear as well as edifying. I’ve seen a great many try and get these somewhat simple principals across, but none quite so eloquently as your explanation. Keep up the good work. If in the future I become confounded, I will seek out your advice on whatever subject is puzzling me

Much appreciated clarification. I’ve been on a few sails on a trimaran and while I repeatedly hear these terms, I get confused by their subtle differences in meaning.

Thanks for helping me understand these concepts!

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