sailboatdata hunter 31

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• By Jim Swartwout
• Updated: November 16, 2010

Hunter 31 368 cp

Hunter Marine introduced the Hunter 31 in 1983, and it remained in production for four years. My 1986 Hunter 31, which I named Aquarius, was 3 years old when I acquired it, and it had only been lightly used. I found it fun to sail. It had a real big-boat feel, with tight, cable-linked wheel steering, and it cruised comfortably at 5 to 6 knots. The high bow and unusually high freeboard for a 31-footer made it a dry sailing boat in the normal range of cruising conditions.

This model, in Hunter fashion, was fitted with a B&R rig, which, with its double swept-back spreaders, has a very racy look. The mainsail carries a lot of roach, so even with a 135-percent masthead jib, the boat usually had a slight but pleasing amount of weather helm. Aquarius didn’t do well off the wind, partly due to the swept spreaders, which limited the extent to which the mainsail could be eased. The answer, which is the best one anyway, was to tack downwind. Aquarius wanted a reef early, in maybe 15 knots of wind; the large main has two reef points, both of which I frequently used. I found it fairly easy to balance the sails on a reach but almost impossible to heave to in the conventional way. The boat was too eager to sail and could make 2 or 3 knots with the jib backed and the mainsheet free.

At 9,000 pounds, the Hunter 31 is light enough not to need a windlass; the ground tackle can be paid out and retrieved manually, procedures facilitated by the easily accessed anchor well and bow roller.

The side decks and handholds are more than adequate for safely going forward while under way, and the very large cockpit has ergonomically comfortable seating and more than adequate stowage in the lockers.

Power is supplied by a 16-horsepower Yanmar diesel. The engine compartment has surprisingly good access for a boat of its size, and the acoustic insulation is outstanding.

Belowdecks, the Hunter 31 has a dinette that seats four to starboard, and there’s a settee to port. Because the table is supported by a single leg near the boat’s centerline and the full length of the table outboard, it’s more stable than a typical single-pedestal table. It made a good navigating station in a seaway and could accommodate a full-size chart.

The “real” chart table is small and at the head of the quarter berth on the port side. This berth is tight, with very low overhead clearance and several protrusions to bang into. The V-berth forward is of a decent size.

The simple galley has an Origo non-pressurized alcohol stove with two burners and an oven. The reefer is a well-insulated icebox-a block of ice would easily last three to five days.

The head, forward on the starboard side, is simple but functional. Unfortunately, both the shower sump and the icebox drain into the bilge, which is very shallow. Also, because of the boat’s grid-pattern pan construction, when I sailed Aquarius in a seaway, water would flow to numerous inaccessible areas and not drain directly back to the bilge.

The Hunter 31 is a very practical boat for coastal cruising, and with its simple systems, it’s easy to maintain. I liked the lines of my boat, and seeing Aquarius at anchor from ashore or a dinghy always made me smile.

Jim Swartwout learned to sail on Chesapeake Bay, but his primary cruising area today extends from Santa Barbara to San Diego and includes the ports and islands in between.

Hunter 31 LOA 31′ 4″ (9.55 m.) LWL 26′ 3″ (8.00 m.) Beam 10′ 11″ (3.33 m.) Draft (shoal/deep) 4′ 0″/5′ 3″ (1.22/1.60 m.) Sail Area (100%) 458 sq. ft. (42.55 sq. m.) Ballast 3,500 lb. (1,587 kg.) Displacement 9,000 lb. (4,082 kg.) Ballast/D .39 D/L 222 SA/D 16.9 Water 35 gal. (133 l.) Fuel 18 gal. (68 l.) Engine 16-hp. Yanmar diesel Designer Cortland Steck and Hunter Design Group

• More: 2001 - 2010 , 31 - 40 ft , Coastal Cruising , marlow-hunter , monohull , Sailboat Reviews , Sailboats , sailboats classic plastic
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T he Hunter 31 can easily be added to the list of "everyman sailboats" because of its relatively affordable price, the sheer number of hulls currently on the used boat market and the sloop's overall versatility as both daysailer and family cruiser.

First impressions

Would-be boat owners looking for a bargain are likely to gravitate to the Hunter 31, which has a racy look with masthead rig and swept spreaders, and plenty of room above and below deck for friends to come aboard. The Hunter 31 doesn't look like a slow-moving tub or a traditional sloop from the 1960s or 1970s with overhangs and varnish-begging brightwork. Instead, it has the more contemporary lines found on boats made during the 1980s, with generous freeboard, a stainless steel destroyer wheel, tinted hatch covers, bow and stern pulpits, reverse transom and an aluminum toerail track similar to those pioneered by C&C. The deck is uncluttered given the overall length of the boat, although the sheer isn't the most elegant ever drawn.

The 31 was designed by Cortland Steck, who grew up racing dinghies from age 7 and later sailed larger boats offshore. In 1979, he graduated from the Westlawn School of Yacht Design and five years later established Cortland Steck Yacht Design. Steck has amassed more than 5,000 designs to his credit, including the Hunter 20, 34, 40 Legend, Starwind 223 and Hunter 25.5.

Construction

Many owners agree the Hunter 31 wasn't built with the notion that it would still be sailing far into the next century. Clearly not as rugged as some production boats, with the exception of its rock-solid hull, the overall build quality is the target of frequent criticism by owners. Complaints range from substandard winches to delamination on portions of the balsa-cored deck.

The hull was made of hand-laid, pre-cut fiberglass to ensure consistency. Hunter bonded a full-length internal frame and stringer system of unidirectional fiberglass directly to the hull to increase stiffness without adding undue weight. The chainplates were fastened to this framing system and led upward through the deck just outside the coachroof, creating more interior space and minimizing deck clutter. This design distributed the load to the frame and stringer system.

The keel is cast iron so rust will always be a factor where it's bolted to the hull. The rust tends to form on the crack where the metal meets the fiberglass. Although this joinery is covered with a thin layer of gelcoat at the factory, once the material wears away, cracks develop and a rust line becomes visible. Maintenance of this area is essential by carefully grinding and cleaning the boat after haul out, then recoating.

What to look for

Delamination may be found beneath the mast and compression post along with a weakened crossmember. Look for discoloration or mold.

The shower sump and icebox drain into the bilge, which is shallow and compartmentalized, an arrangement that allows stagnant water to become trapped and inaccessible. Owners report this can cause rotting of the cabin sole.

The bilge area under the engine can also collect water from rain entering through the companionway. This water can drain into the main bilge area, adding to what is already accumulated from the sump and icebox.

Leaks under the steering pedestal and at the cabin windows are common. These seals should be cleaned and recaulked. Some owners have replaced the fuel tank, claiming it's flimsy. As one owner wrote in an online forum, "I replaced that cheap plastic, sorry excuse for a fuel tank." Another sailor resorted to using a portable fuel tank rather than replace the original.

The fuel filter gauge is inside the starboard storage locker, where it is difficult to access or see. The integrated water and waste tanks are sensibly molded into the hull, but their screwed-down lids should be removed and resealed after 20 years to keep leaks and odors in check.

Prospective buyers should examine the cable-linked steering for wear.

The masthead rig features swept spreaders. The deck is uncluttered, except for lifelines, genoa track and shrouds, the latter attached nearer the coachroof than to the outside rail. The shroud placement allows crew to move more easily fore and aft for sail changes or foredeck work. The lifeline stanchions are mounted outboard, creating additional room on deck. The T-shaped cockpit is somewhat cramped due to the pedestal steering column, wheel and engine controls. The cockpit lockers are large enough to stow all sails and other equipment.

There's a big-boat feel once you go below. Headroom is 6 feet 3 inches in the spacious saloon, but the V-berth is tight for two adults. The head with sink and toilet is just outside the V-berth and fitted with a privacy door.

The overall layout is social, with a U-shaped galley to starboard that allows the cook to converse or otherwise take part in the goings on. The galley has a four-burner stove, two-basin sink and an icebox. It is abutted by a dinette that seats four.

The port side features a settee and full navigation station with chart table and light. The aft cabin is roomy. Teak paneling warms the saloon and other bulkheads. Plentiful windows provide light and cross ventilation. The boat carries 35 gallons of water.

The hulls made from 1983 to 1985 were fitted with a 13-horsepower, freshwater-cooled, Yanmar diesel. Later boats were beefed up with a 16-horsepower engine. Both versions proved reliable, but underpowered when motoring to windward or in a choppy sea. Engine power has been a source of owner complaints. Panels allow for good engine access. The boat carries 18 gallons of fuel.

One owner praised the 13-horsepower engine, noting Yanmar suggested running it full bore and then backing off 10% to find the ideal rpm. "Mine runs like a top and is happy at 3,000 rpm," he said. "I can make 6.1 knots in a calm to slight chop, running at 2,900."

The Hunter 31 gets good reviews for its sailing abilities. Although the light-displacement sloop can be tender in a gusty wind, overall it's a forgiving boat with a balanced helm. Owners contend it's a no-brainer to sail and a joy to singlehand.

Opinions vary about the boat's proclivities when sailing downwind because the puffed-out mainsail hits the swept-back spreaders and doesn't always fill properly.

A few Hunter 31 skippers advocated using instead a combination of genoa and spinnaker when possible.

The boat performs nicely on its mainsail, but once the wind exceeds 20 knots, one or two reefs are highly advised. It tracks admirably once in the groove but can be slow to heel and may round up in a heavy gust. A broad reach is not its fastest point of sail.

Generally, owners find little fault with the boat's sailing characteristics. As one put it, "More than once I looked like a sailing genius because the boat handles so well."

Although the original sales brochure described the Hunter 31 as a bluewater boat, it seems more suited as a coastal cruiser. Given that a used Hunter 31 can be purchased on average for $20,000, one in good condition with upgrades already installed would be a bargain.

Bottom line: For not much more than the price of a used car, you can have a heck of a lot of fun on this boat.

PRICE: The price for a used Hunter 31 ranges from nearly $35,000 for a model in excellent condition with upgrades, to $16,400 for a boat in poor condition. Most 31s are priced around $20,000.

DESIGN QUALITY: Designed by Cortland Steck, the masthead sloop features a choice of deep or shoal-draft keel, fiberglass hull, spade rudder and has a pleasing overall length-to-width ratio of 3-to-1.

CONSTRUCTION QUALITY: The Hunter 31 was built from 1983 to 1987 in Alachua, Florida, by Hunter Marine USA. Complaints have been voiced about undersized winches, a weak mainsheet traveler and poor craftsmanship in some areas below deck. As one owner put it, "Details were compromised due to pricing."

USER-FRIENDLINESS: Owners seem to agree the Hunter 31 is an easy boat to sail, simple to rig, somewhat tender but able to point high in a moderate breeze. By all accounts, it's made to singlehand. Mast height from the water is 47 feet 4 inches, enabling the boat to fit under most fixed highway bridges.

SAFETY: The Hunter 31 is often referred to as high and dry, mostly due to its generous freeboard. However, owners claim it gets pushed around by heavy seas, and its underpowered diesel leaves much to be desired. Grab rails on the coachroof provide a modicum of safety on deck.

TYPICAL CONDITION : The boats vary in condition. If maintenance has been kept up, the boat may be a good value, particularly if equipment upgrades were also made. Potential buyers should keep in mind the youngest 31 is now 27 years old and could be showing its age.

REFITTING: Common upgrades include adding a wind speed indicator and gauges for water, fuel and holding tank. Installing a beefier mainsheet traveler; larger winches and anchor roller are typical improvements.

SUPPORT: In 2012, Morgan Industries, parent company of Hunter Marine, filed for bankruptcy and was renamed Marlow-Hunter, which can be reached at www.marlow-hunter.com . For retail parts, contact www.shop.hunterowners.com . The Hunter Owners' Association, www.hunterowners.com is also a resource of support and information.

AVAILABILITY: Dozens of Hunter 31s are currently on the market, mostly listed. In early 2014, a project boat was being offered at $10,000 and eBay was auctioning a 1984 model for $6,900.

INVESTMENT AND RESALE: Because of its low-price on the used boat market, there is only moderate resale value.

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Channel 31 hunter

The channel 31 hunter is a 30.75ft fractional sloop designed by david thomas/ken freivokh and built in fiberglass by hunter boats ltd. (uk) since 2000..

The Channel 31 hunter is a moderate weight sailboat which is a reasonably good performer. It is stable / stiff and has a good righting capability if capsized. It is best suited as a coastal cruiser.

Channel 31 hunter for sale elsewhere on the web:

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Department of Art and Art History

Distortions: Moscow Conceptualists Working Today / September 9

September 9 – October 28, 2023

Opening Reception: September 9, 6-9pm

Meta-Art Saturdays with Victor Skersis and Daniel Bozhkov Saturdays 12-6pm, through October 28 

Distortions Symposium I: September 9, 4-5:30pm The opening reception will be preceded by a round table discussion and reenactments of art works with the exhibition curators and artists Yuri Albert, Sabine Hänsgen and Victor Skersis.

Hunter College Art Galleries 205 Hudson Gallery 205 Hudson Street (enter between Canal and Greenwich Streets) New York, NY 

Hours: Tuesday–Saturday, 12-5pm

Curated by Hunter College professors Daniel Bozhkov and Joachim Pissarro with Dr. Olga Zaikina. Curatorial Graduate Fellow: Victoria Borisova.

Distortions: Moscow Conceptualists Working Today was developed through a two-semester graduate curatorial seminar at Hunter College led by professors Daniel Bozhkov and Joachim Pissarro with Dr. Olga Zaikina. It included studio art students: Lauren Cline, Tucker Claxton, LeLe Dai, Paula De Martino, Alicia Ehni, Stevie Knauss, Milly Skelington, Johnny Sagan; and art history students: Caitlin Anklam, Victoria Borisova, Jay Bravo, Andrea Dauhajre, Curtis Eckley, Daniel Kuzinez, Jake Robinson. Visiting scholar: Virginia Marano, PhD Candidate, University of Zürich.

Moscow Conceptualism began as an alternative underground art world in the late Soviet Union. Its unofficial status shaped its artistic methods and theoretical framework. The exhibition includes original objects, archival materials, and working models of original artworks, alongside new projects created by Moscow Conceptualists in collaboration with art and art history students and faculty at Hunter College. Thus, Distortions is an experiment in intergenerational and cross-cultural collaboration. It aims to transform the gallery into a two-month long forum exploring how existing artworks can be activated to create new living situations, and how documents can be used beyond the preservation of the past

More info: www.205hudsongallery.org

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31 current and former ohio state swimmers to compete at olympic trials, share this article.

Hey, it’s an Olympic summer in case you forgot, and that means there are some current, former, and even future Ohio State athletes looking to make a name for themselves on the world stage in Paris.

One discipline in particular has a bushel of Scarlet and Gray vying for a chance to exchange the Scarlet and Gray for the Red, White, and Blue of the good ‘ole U.S.A. In total, 31 Buckeyes are set to compete in the U.S. swimming and diving team’s Olympic trials.

The swimming portion of the trials will take place from 15-23 at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, and diving will be held June 17-23 at the Allan Jones Aquatic Center in Knoxville, Tennessee.

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Here’s a complete rundown of what athletes you can follow and root for when it all kicks off this weekend and beyond.

Hunter Armstrong* –  50 free, 100 free, 100 back

Hannah Bach –  100 breast

Daniel Baltes –  50 free, 100 free

Will Bansberg –  200 IM, 400 IM

Rachel Bockrath^ –  100 free

Janie Boyle –  Platform

Clayton Chaplin –  Platform, 3-Meter

Charlie Clark –  800 free, 1500 free

Reese Dehen –  100 breast, 200 breast

Jessica Eden –  400 IM

Mason Edmund –  400 IM, 400 free, 800 free, 1500 free

Evan Fentress –  100 free

Josh Fleagle* –  100 free

Amy Fulmer –  50 free, 100 free, 100 back

Nyah Funderburke –  100 back

Maya Geringer –  400 free, 800 free, 1500 free

Karl Helmuth –  100 breast, 200 breast

Nathan Holty –  400 IM

Matthew Klinge^ –  50 free

Morgan Kraus –  100 fly, 100 back

Andrew Loy* –  50 free

Krista Marlin –  100 back, 200 back, 200 IM

Jack Matthews –  3-Meter

Mario McDonald –  50 free

Mila Nikanorov^ –  400 free, 800 free, 1500 free

Josephine Panitz –  100 breast, 200 breast

Martin Perecinsky^ –  100 back, 200 back

Billy Regan –  200 breast

Gwen Woodbury –  800 free, 1500 free

Lyle Yost –  3-Meter

Katherine Zenick –  50 free, 100 free, 100 fly

* Former Buckeye

^ Incoming Buckeye

So get your Scarlet and Gray pom-poms and look for some OSU athletes to be a part of all the brie, fresh bread, and wine in Paris later this summer.

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• Sailboat Guide

Hunter 31-2

Hunter 31-2 is a 29 ′ 11 ″ / 9.1 m monohull sailboat designed by Hunter Design and built by Hunter Marine between 2006 and 2009.

Rig and Sails

Auxilary power, accomodations, calculations.

The theoretical maximum speed that a displacement hull can move efficiently through the water is determined by it's waterline length and displacement. It may be unable to reach this speed if the boat is underpowered or heavily loaded, though it may exceed this speed given enough power. Read more.

Classic hull speed formula:

Hull Speed = 1.34 x √LWL

Max Speed/Length ratio = 8.26 ÷ Displacement/Length ratio .311 Hull Speed = Max Speed/Length ratio x √LWL

Sail Area / Displacement Ratio

A measure of the power of the sails relative to the weight of the boat. The higher the number, the higher the performance, but the harder the boat will be to handle. This ratio is a "non-dimensional" value that facilitates comparisons between boats of different types and sizes. Read more.

SA/D = SA ÷ (D ÷ 64) 2/3

• SA : Sail area in square feet, derived by adding the mainsail area to 100% of the foretriangle area (the lateral area above the deck between the mast and the forestay).
• D : Displacement in pounds.

Ballast / Displacement Ratio

A measure of the stability of a boat's hull that suggests how well a monohull will stand up to its sails. The ballast displacement ratio indicates how much of the weight of a boat is placed for maximum stability against capsizing and is an indicator of stiffness and resistance to capsize.

Ballast / Displacement * 100

Displacement / Length Ratio

A measure of the weight of the boat relative to it's length at the waterline. The higher a boat’s D/L ratio, the more easily it will carry a load and the more comfortable its motion will be. The lower a boat's ratio is, the less power it takes to drive the boat to its nominal hull speed or beyond. Read more.

D/L = (D ÷ 2240) ÷ (0.01 x LWL)³

• D: Displacement of the boat in pounds.
• LWL: Waterline length in feet

Comfort Ratio

This ratio assess how quickly and abruptly a boat’s hull reacts to waves in a significant seaway, these being the elements of a boat’s motion most likely to cause seasickness. Read more.

Comfort ratio = D ÷ (.65 x (.7 LWL + .3 LOA) x Beam 1.33 )

• D: Displacement of the boat in pounds
• LOA: Length overall in feet
• Beam: Width of boat at the widest point in feet

Capsize Screening Formula

This formula attempts to indicate whether a given boat might be too wide and light to readily right itself after being overturned in extreme conditions. Read more.

CSV = Beam ÷ ³√(D / 64)

Deep keel version Draft: 5.5’/1.68 m Displacement: 8,390 lbs/3,806 kg Ballast: 2,456 lbs/1,114 kg AKA HUNTER 30 (2005).

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Pro-Trump media figures dismiss Hunter Biden conviction as ‘fake trial’ to ‘cover up’ other supposed crimes

I n the wake of Hunter Biden’s conviction on federal gun charges Tuesday, right-wing media personalities sought to downplay the jury’s decision, falsely claiming the case was a “fake trial” designed to “cover up” other supposed crimes committed by the president and his family.

The reaction showcased how far to the fringes the right-wing and pro-Trump media ecosystem has drifted in recent years, with high-profile personalities defaulting to conspiracy theories and innuendo in response to inconvenient political news.

“Hunter Biden guilty. Yawn,” right-wing talk show host Charlie Kirk wrote. “The true crimes of the Biden Crime Family remain untouched. This is a fake trial trying to make the Justice system appear ‘balanced.’ Don’t fall for it.”

While right-wing figures and Republicans have long pushed the narrative that President Joe Biden has been involved in criminal activity, their claims have repeatedly fallen flat. But the reaction rippled throughout the pro-Trump world Tuesday with other far-right influencers and Trump-boosting Republicans echoing the sentiment.

“They went after Hunter on his gun stuff to make you overlook all his Ukraine stuff,” Jack Posobiec, the far-right conspiracy theorist and Real America’s Voice host, wrote on X.

Donald Trump’s campaign also slammed the verdict, pushing the conspiracy theory that the president had taken money from foreign governments.

“This trial has been nothing more than a distraction from the real crimes of the Biden Crime Family, which has raked in tens of millions of dollars from China, Russia and Ukraine,” the Trump campaign said a statement to CNN. “Crooked Joe Biden’s reign over the Biden Family Criminal Empire is all coming to an end on November 5th, and never again will a Biden sell government access for personal profit.”

There is  no evidence  Joe Biden has received large sums of money from China or has otherwise gained wealth as a result of his son’s business dealings abroad.

The former president’s son Donald Trump Jr. also alleged in a live conversation on X that the younger Biden’s trial was “not what it seems.”

“It’s trying to create that illusion of equal justice under the law,” he claimed.

Instead, Trump Jr. alleged the case was a “cover up” for the “real charges and all the things that tied back to Joe Biden himself lapse, drop, expire in terms of statute of limitations.”

Many of the former president’s supporters also reacted with similar sentiments .

“They want you focused on the shiny little object of Hunter’s gun so you’re not focused on the Bidens making bank selling out America,” Monica Crowley, the former Trump administration official and Fox News contributor, wrote on X.

The reaction stood in contrast to just last month when former President Donald Trump was convicted on all 34 counts in the New York hush money trial. For others in the right-wing sphere, it’s simple; Trump’s case was a political hit job while Hunter Biden’s case was a clear case of someone breaking the law.

“We have gone over a cliff,” Fox News host Jeanine Pirro said shortly after Trump was found guilty. “This is a new era in America, and I think it goes against the ilk of who we are as Americans and our faith in the criminal justice system.”

But on Tuesday after the jury delivered its guilty verdict, Pirro applauded the Delaware judge - a Trump appointee - for her handling of the Hunter Biden case.

“This is a no-nonsense judge who took this case, showed America how a case worked and moved it right from opening statement to verdict,” she said.

Virginia Rep. Bob Good, who leads the hard-right House Freedom Caucus, offered a similar assessment.

“Hunter Biden is convicted of an actual crime. Donald Trump was railroaded by a political prosecutor and a biased judge,” he posted on X.

Meanwhile, Mark Levin, the right-wing talk radio personality and Fox News weekend host, wrote that Biden was convicted “in a real trial (not a farce like Manhattan).”

Still, other Trump boosting Republicans reacted with a shrug .

“The Hunter Biden gun conviction is kinda dumb tbh,” Florida GOP Rep. Matt Gaetz  wrote  on X.

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Abortion United Evangelicals and Republicans. Now That Alliance Is Fraying.

The southern baptist convention, long a bellwether for american evangelicalism, voted to oppose the use of in vitro fertilization..

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The Southern Baptist Convention, the largest denomination of Protestant Christians in the United States, voted at an annual gathering last week to oppose the use of in vitro fertilization.

Ruth Graham, who covers religion, faith and values for The New York Times, discusses the story behind the vote, the Republican scramble it prompted and what it could eventually mean for the rest of the country.

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Ruth Graham , who covers religion, faith and values for The New York Times.

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4 big takeaways from Day 3 of Hunter Biden's federal gun case

Hunter Biden's ex-wife and former girlfriend both testified Wednesday.

Prosecutors in Hunter Biden's federal gun case summoned two of his exes to the stand Wednesday in an effort to chip away at the defense's argument that the president's son wasn't addicted to drugs when he filled out a form to purchase a firearm in 2018.

President Joe Biden's son faces three counts of lying on a federal form about his drug use to procure the firearm in October of 2018. He has denied wrongdoing.

Ex-girlfriend Zoe Kestan said she observed him smoking crack cocaine in late September of that year, just weeks before he walked into a Delaware gun shop and purchased a Colt Cobra from Gordon Cleveland, another witness who testified on Wednesday.

MORE: Hunter Biden gun trial updates

Kathleen Buhle, the ex-wife of Hunter Biden, said Hunter Biden was "angry" and "short-tempered" when he was on crack, but nonetheless managed to "function" normally as an addict -- possibly undermining the defense's claim that "there is no such thing as a high-functioning crack addict."

Before court concluded, prosecutors suggested they could rest their case as soon as Thursday afternoon after hearing testimony from six additional witnesses.

Here are four big takeaways from Day 3 of the trial.

Ex-girlfriend testifies about Hunter Biden's drug use

Zoe Kestan, who met Hunter Biden as a private dancer at a New York gentlemen's club, said she saw Biden smoke crack the night they met in December 2017 and consistently throughout their yearlong romantic relationship.

In the first week of their relationship, Kestan, who was 24 years old at the time, said she "felt a connection" with the 48-year-old Biden -- despite his use of crack "every 20 minutes or so."

Twice during her testimony Kestan said she did not notice changes in his behavior while he was on drugs, casting doubt on defense attorney Abbe Lowell's claim that those close to him would have known whether or not he was abusing drugs at the time of his gun purchase.

"I remember thinking to myself that I didn't notice a change in his behavior," Kestan said.

"The first ten minutes he was incredibly charming and charismatic and friendly," she said. "After he had smoked, he was the same charming person."

Kestan also testified that she saw him smoking crack in Malibu as late as Sept. 20, 2018 -- a timeline that could undercut the defense's argument that he was abusing alcohol and not drugs when he purchased the gun on Oct. 12.

But Kestan also conceded on cross-examination that she had "no idea" what Hunter Biden was up to from Sept. 23, when he left California, until November, when the two reconnected.

"So you don't have any idea of what he was doing from the moment he left California to the moment you saw him again in November?" Lowell asked.

"No idea," Kestan said.

Clerk says he watched Hunter Biden fill out form

Gordon Cleveland, the gun store employee who sold Hunter Biden the gun in question, testified that he watched from "about two feet" away as Hunter Biden filled out the form that asked applicants whether they were active drug users.

After Biden selected the Colt Cobra for purchase, Cleveland said he asked him to fill out the form required for "every gun purchase" -- Form 4473. Cleveland said he instructed Biden to write in his personal information and answer the questions below, "and to take your time answering them," he testified.

Cleveland testified that he watched as Hunter Biden answered several questions before he approached the drug-related question then marked the box with an "X."

Cleveland said Hunter Biden did not express any confusion regarding the question.

Ex-wife testifies she saw drug remnants

Hunter Biden's ex-wife Kathleen Buhle testified about Hunter Biden's alcohol and drug abuse during their 25-year marriage, describing how their relationship deteriorated as her husband's drug abuse increased.

When Hunter Biden was on crack, Buhle testified, "He was not himself."

"He was angry, short-tempered, acting in ways he wouldn't when he was sober," she said.

Buhle said she would find drug "remnants in little bags" and drug paraphernalia like "a broken crack pipe" -- often enough that she would search his car before allowing her daughters to use it.

Buhle admitted during cross-examination that she never personally saw Hunter Biden use drugs.

Government could rest as soon as Thursday

Prosecutor Derek Hines said before court concluded for the day that he anticipated resting his case as soon as the end of the day Thursday.

He said the government has six brief witnesses remaining -- including several law enforcement officials and Hallie Biden, the widow of Beau Biden.

Lowell said he would be prepared to call his first witness on Friday morning if the government rests its case Thursday.

Gordon Cleveland is scheduled to return to the stand on Thursday morning when testimony resumes.

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