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James Wharram: life and legacy of the iconic designer

Yachting World

  • January 29, 2024

Julien Girardot meets Hanneke Boon in Cornwall to discover the legend and legacy of pioneering catamaran designer James Wharram

catamaran wharram

Falmouth, Cornwall, 1955: a legend is born along Customs House Quay. A smartly dressed young man with wild, curly hair has launched a 23ft catamaran, built in just a few months for the modest sum of £200 (the equivalent of around £6,500 today).

Rigged as a ketch with battened junk sails, the aptly named Tangaroa (meaning ‘God of the Sea’ in Polynesian) marked the beginning of the epic Wharram story.

At the time, catamarans were considered dangerous and eccentric, while yachting was a pastime largely reserved for high society. But sailing already has other visionaries. On the deck of Tangaroa, beside James, are two young women: Jutta Schulze-Rhonhof and Ruth Merseburger. In puritanical post-war England, setting off to cross the Atlantic with two young women – and German ones at that – was downright shocking! But these three young people care not a jot about conventional thinking. They dream of adventure and their enterprise is an act of defiance.

For years James Wharram has nurtured a passion for the history of sailing pioneers and the ethnic origins of the multihull. Devouring every book on the subject he could lay his hands on, he discovered the story of Joshua Slocum, the first solo circumnavigator (1895-1898), and the voyage of Kaimiloa by the Frenchman Eric de Bisschop. The tale, published in English in 1940, of de Bisschop’s attempt to prove the seaworthiness of double canoes by making a voyage from Hawaii to France on a catamaran he had built on the beach, became Wharram’s primary source of inspiration.

catamaran wharram

Riding out the storm: James Wharram at the helm of Tangaroa in Biscay in 1955. Photo: Julien Girardot

Wharram disagreed with many assumptions of the time, and his first Atlantic crossing was an opportunity to refute Thor Heyerdahl’s theory on the settlement of the Pacific islands. Wharram contested the assertion of the Danish anthropologist who, after his voyage aboard the Kon-Tiki in 1947, affirmed that the boats used were simple rafts. Wharram was convinced that the boats were more akin to double canoes with sails, capable of going upwind and holding a course. These early multihulls, consisting of two hollowed-out tree trunks, were connected by crossbeams bound together with plant fibre. The sails were probably made from what is known as ‘tapa’ in Polynesia, hammered tree bark, which was also used to make clothes.

The three young adventurers left Falmouth on 27 September 1955 on a boat loaded with books, basic foods, and very little else. Despite a fraught passage, encountering storms in the Bay of Biscay and being suspected of being spies by Franco’s Guardia Civil, the trio successfully crossed the Atlantic and reached the island of Trinidad on 2 February 1957.

Without a penny to their name, they adopted a simple island life, and Jutta gave birth to her and James’ first child, Hannes. The unconventional polyamorous family lived aboard a raft inspired by the floating dwellings of the Pacific, nicknamed ‘the paradise island of the South Seas’. Tangaroa, now tired, was abandoned, as Wharram decided to build a new catamaran. By chance, two solo sailors came to anchor in the bay where the Wharram tribe lived afloat, and the legendary Bernard Moitessier and Henry Wakelam helped Wharram build his new design, Rongo.

catamaran wharram

Wharram, Merseburger and Schulze-Rhonhof aboard Tangaroa in Falmouth, 1955, before their Atlantic crossing. Photo: Julien Girardot

Thanks to the experience of his first transatlantic voyage, as well as knowledge gathered from Wharram’s endless reading, Rongo was much more accomplished. While Tangaroa was flat-bottomed, Rongo has V-hulls. To prove the design’s seaworthy qualities, Wharram decided to tackle the North Atlantic, sailing from west to east with his two companions. This route was known to strike fear into the hearts of multihull sailors of the time, as the two previous attempts had tragically ended in two deaths.

The crew left La Martinique for New York on 16 April 1959, one year after Rongo’s construction began. The return voyage to Conwy in Wales took 50 days, but the gamble paid off, and Wharram’s new design was the first to achieve what many thought impossible. The curly-haired eccentric became something of a celebrity, and following his great Atlantic adventure, James published his first book, Two girls, Two Catamarans. The years that followed were Wharram’s golden age, with plans released to suit every budget and every dream. Soon there were Wharram designs all over the world, connected by a powerful community spirit.

Drawing a Wharram

My own journey to this remote corner of Cornwall began decades before. After 15 years of travelling the world, inventing and reinventing my life, including many years living in the Pacific islands, I felt the need to capture these experiences by creating the boat of my dreams.

catamaran wharram

Illustrations inspired by a visit to the Wharram design office in Cornwall. Image: Benjamin Flao

While living in Tuamotu, I was involved in several incredible projects to build traditional sailing canoes under the directive of talented local Tahitian boatbuilder, Alexandre Genton (now chief of operations at Blue Composite shipyard in Tahiti). At first we launched small single-seat sailing canoes with two outrigger floats. These are the simplest way to sail: a sheet in one hand, a paddle in the other, which you plunge over the side of the canoe into the water, and it makes a perfect rudder. Then we built a larger version, Va’a Motu, for a hotel in Bora Bora, of splendid stripped kauri planking. Finally, we worked with the local population to build an ambitious 30ft Va’a Motu with a single ama, on the atoll of Fakarava in the Tuamotu archipelago.

Curiously, after many experimental trials at building and sailing canoes, my imagined ideal yacht turned out to be something very close to a Wharram design, which I learned as soon as I shared my first cautious sketches with friends. I realised I had to meet James Wharram.

In October 2021, I dialled the number of JW Designs. A woman answered; James’ long-term life and business partner Hanneke Boon. I tell her my ideas to build from one of their plans: the Islander 39. We began an email exchange and when I asked her what James thought of this model, in November 2021, less than a month before he died, she replied: “James is enthusiastic about your project. He’s now 93 years old and nearing the end of his life.

catamaran wharram

The Pahi 63 Spirit of Gaia which Wharram and Boon sailed around the world. Image: Benjamin Flao

“He has been looking at the Islander 39 design for several years and often says, ‘I wish I had one myself.’ It’s the only Wharram design that has never been built, so your project is a wish come true for him.”

On 14 December 2021, James Wharram passed away. Out of respect for the bereavement, and due to Covid-related travel restrictions, we decided to postpone our meeting. Some months later on a beautiful spring afternoon, I landed in Plymouth with my friend and artist Benjamin Flao, himself the owner of a Wharram-designed Tiki 28, and headed for Devoran near Truro in Cornwall, the stronghold of the Wharram family.

Hanneke welcomes us into her office. It is a beautiful wooden cabin, warm and bright, overlooking the changing lights of Cornwall. The place looks like a museum telling the story of a life of travel and passion through yacht models, photographs and unusual objects. James is there, you can feel it. A glance at the shelves of the library shows an impressive array of rare and precious books, mostly dealing with navigation and shipbuilding in Oceania, and demonstrates the seriousness with which Wharram and Boon studied the history and technicality of ‘double canoes’.

“I’d like our boats to be called double canoes and not catamarans, which I think is a mistake,” Hanneke explains. The word catamaran, originally pronounced ‘catamaron’, comes from the Tamil dialect of katta ‘to bind’ and maram ‘wood’, as they were actually one-man rafts used to work on the outer hull of ships. The English pirate and adventurer William Dampier, in the 1690s, was the first to describe a two-hulled vessel as a catamaran, but although catamarans might be the commonly accepted word nowadays, it’s actually a mistake.

catamaran wharram

oon unfolds the plans of the Islander 39, the only Wharram design that has never been built. Many plans were hand-drawn by Boon. Photo: Julien Girardot

Hanneke unfolds the Islander 39 plan on her drawing board. Like all Wharram plans for half a century, it has been marked with her signature. Despite this unique pencil stroke, she has remained in the shadow of Wharram’s mythology for 50 years. Since 1970, Boon has drawn the majority of the construction plans by hand. They’re works of art and the best way to imagine yourself aboard a Wharram. Without her, JW Designs would not be what it is.

Originally from the Netherlands, Boon grew up in a family of sailing enthusiasts. By the age of 14 she was already building small canoes and at the age of 20 she joined the Wharram team and quickly became his co-designer. They criss-crossed the Atlantic twice in quick succession aboard Tehini, the crab claw-rigged double canoe on which James and several women lived for 10 years. Since then, Hanneke has escaped from her office whenever she can to sail thousands of miles on all the seas of the world, always using a double canoe.

Those radical vessels included the Spirit of Gaia, also built on site, through a sliding door next to Hanneke’s office. It was aboard this 63ft Pahi, Wharram’s flagship, that the Wharrams sailed around the world from 1994 to 1998. James described Spirit of Gaia as “a beautifully shaped woman he was in love with”.

catamaran wharram

Boon’s design office is adjacent to the Wharram HQ in Devoran and looks out over one of the River Fal’s many creeks. Photo: Julien Girardot

In Wharram’s wake

James and Hanneke’s home is a former veterinary surgery. The furnishings are basic, with only the essentials, but the doors close by themselves, thanks to an ingenious system of weights, ropes and pulleys. Benjamin and I offer to shop and cook, and in the living room, we put the dishes down and eat on the floor, like on the deck of a Wharram.

Jamie, James and Hanneke’s son, joins us for the meal with his partner Liz. “James has remained the icon of the business, but it’s really Hanneke who has been doing the job for the last 10 years. She is JW Designs,” confides Liz.

Jamie is at first more subdued, but talking to him you soon discover a true character. Given the world he grew up in, it’s surprising to learn that sailing is not really his thing: “I get bored quickly at sea and I’m sick most of the time! I prefer to be underwater. Above the line is not my thing.

catamaran wharram

Evocative illustration of the Wharram workshop in Devoran, Cornwall. Image: Benjamin Flao

“I do like the calmness of the ocean though, that parenthesis effect, detached from our hectic lives on land. In fact, I think the best thing about sailing is remembering long voyages, not making them,” Jamie jokes.

But he is keen to preserve Wharram’s legacy and the couple are thinking ahead to when Hanneke can no longer hold the fort. “As long as Hanneke is alive, the business will be run in her own way. But it’s certain that something will be put in place to enable people to continue to acquire the building plans, at the very least, this service will remain guaranteed.”

Back in the office next door, Nicki John answers clients and sends plans around the world. She’s only been with JWD for a couple of years, but that’s long enough for her to fall in love with the company’s story.

“One of the things I loved about James was that he came in every day. He’d knock on the door and jokingly ask, ‘Do you have time for some gossip?’ And then he’d tell me all sorts of stories. His travels, the women he had shared his life with, it was fascinating. When he was 18, he hitchhiked to Europe, smuggling coffee on the black market to finance his adventures. James’ story is just phenomenal.

catamaran wharram

Mana 24 is available as a CNC-cut self-build kit boat. Photo: Julien Girardot

“One day James came in, took out a plan, unfolded it as he sat down, and said, ‘Aren’t they beautiful?’ James was deeply convinced of Hanneke’s talent. He never stopped admiring her,” Nicki says fondly.

The community Wharram fosters is unique. Nicki shows us a photo that defines the ‘Wharram spirit’, of the hull of a Wharram being lifted out of the second floor window of a home in England. With no shed to build their Wharram design, they decided to use their living room as a boatyard. “This picture shows that if you really want to build a Wharram, you can do it anywhere,” says Nicki, “During Covid, we sold a lot more plans. Confined, people dreamed of freedom and took time to figure out how they wanted to live their lives.”

Now it’s Hanneke’s turn to shine as the head of JWD. In contrast to the technologically-led path that sailing often follows, James and Hanneke’s ‘low tech’ approach drives those who follow it to reconnect with past knowledge, practices, and philosophical approaches to our relationship with the world and the way we live in it.

Their love of minimalism is also at odds with many trends in modern yachting, but it brings its own luxury. The joy of not having too much of anything allows you to make room for the essentials, and for the beauty that surrounds you.

My dream of building Wharram’s unfulfilled plan, the Islander 39, remains. I’m in no hurry. Like the libertarian vision of James Wharram, it endures.

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James Wharram Designs

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Classic designs, the early wharrams - sturdy and stable.

The early 'Wharrams', now known as the Classic Designs, are recognised as beautiful, safe boats - easy to build, and easy to sail . Many anchorages around the world are graced by these Classic Designs, and of the seventeen drawn between 1957 and 1976, nine are still available, from the 16ft Maui to the 51ft Tehini.

They were the first range of Wharram catamarans, designed in the 1960s and 70s, based on the sea experience of James Wharram's pioneering ocean crossings. They are sturdy, very stable, but relatively basic in design. They are built using simple plywood construction over a backbone and bulkhead frame .

James Wharram Classic Designs Building Plans

About Classic Design Building Plans

The Classic Designs Building Plans follow a sequential drawing layout, drawn to scale on large sheets, showing the boat at different building stages and clearly showing which parts are added at each stage. They are accompanied by a written building sequence giving details of every stage of the construction . There are also written Building Instructions with advice on all aspects of the build, from advice on work shelters and the buying of timber and plywood, to encouragement for your first sail. Design Improvement packages are available to update the Classic Designs, whether building new or renovating an existing design.

See information about building costs .

Maui with black hulls and white and blue sails, one man at the helm

Building Method: Ply/Timber/Epoxy/Laminate
Length Overall: 16' 9" 5.10 m
Beam overall: 8' 2.44 m
Waterline length: 13' 7" 4.15 m
Draft: 11' 0.23 m
Weight: 400 lbs 180 kg
Loading capacity: 440 lbs 200 kg
Sail area: 100 sqft 9.3 sqm
Building Time Estimate: 200 hours

The Maui is the smallest Classic design, very sturdy in build using backbone and bulkheads, with solid timber keel, and hence heavier than the more modern stitch & glue Hitia 17.

Suitable as a small workboat, or when one wants to leave the boat on a rough mooring.

Hinemoa with green hulls and sails up, in a harbour

Building Method: Ply/Timber/Epoxy/Laminate
Length Overall: 23' 7.10 m
Beam overall: 11' 4" 3.46 m
Waterline length: 19' 5.80 m
Draft: 1' 3" 0.38 m
Weight: 1150 lbs 530 kg
Loading capacity: 1000 lbs 460 kg
Sail area: 173 sqft 16 sqm
Building Time Estimate: 500 hours

Developed out of the 22ft (6.70m) HINA, designed as a tough dayboat with overnight accommodation in the individual hulls. A decktent will give further accommodation and space for a double bunk.

The sprit sail rig has a short mast and can be quickly brailed when mooring. Though designed as a dayboat, some HINEMOAs have crossed oceans , one even survived a hurricane off the coast of America in 1975.

Yellow hulled Tanenui sailing out in the open, one man aboard

Building Method: GRP Foam Sandwich OR Ply/Timber/Epoxy/Laminate
Length Overall: 28' 3" 8.61 m
Beam overall: 12' 6" 3.18 m
Waterline length: 23' 7" 7.18 m
Draft: 1' 8" 0.50 m
Weight: 2204 lbs 1000 kg
Loading capacity: 2204 lbs 1000 kg
Sail area: 310 sqft 28.8 sqm
Building Time Estimate: 1000 hours

Based on the 1960s 27' TANE design with more beam and higher freeboard, she can be built in foam/GRP sandwich or in plywood .

The Classic hull seaworthiness of the TANE encouraged many people to make ocean passages on her. We designed the TANENUI in 1973 to give these people on a low budget a sturdy, seaworthy basic boat with just that bit more internal space than the Spartan TANE.

Tangaroa Mk IV

Tangaroa at anchor, eye symbol painted on hull, one woman aboard

Building Method: Ply/Timber/Epoxy/Laminate
Length Overall: 35' 6" 10.82 m
Beam overall: 19' 5.80 m
Waterline length: 28' 6" 8.69 m
Draft: 2' 1" 0.63 m
Weight: 2 tons
Loading capacity: 1.5 tons
Sail area: 410 sqft 38.1 sqm
Building Time Estimate: 1800 hours

The Tangaroa Mk IV was a design that evolved from the Tangaroa Mk I , James’ first design for which he drew Self-building Plans in 1965.

The Mk IV has more graceful hull lines, wider hull beam, more freeboard over the bunks and a longer cabin with standing headroom, so it is not to be mistaken for the Tangaroa Mk I of which many are still sailing.

Raka with green and white colours and very high rudders, sailing on a light blue sea, cloudy sky

Building Method: Ply/Timber/Epoxy/Laminate
Length Overall: 36' 10.97 m
Beam overall: 19' 5.80 m
Waterline length: 30' 9.14 m
Draft: 2' 0.61 m
Weight: 1.7 tons
Loading capacity: 1 - 1.5 tons
Working sail area: 415 sqft 38.6 sqm
Max. sail area: 627 sqft 58.3 sqm
Building Time Estimate: 1600 hours

The RAKA class, the same length as the TANGAROA, is a slim-line ship . Originally designed for George Payne who wanted a boat that he could enter in local club races in the Bristol Channel and stand a chance of winning.

He won several.

Narai Mk I/Mk II

Red and white Narai, two people aboard, sailing against a backdrop of mountains covered in greenery

Building Method: Ply/Timber/Epoxy/Laminate
Length Overall: 40' 12.19 m
Beam overall: 18' 6" 5.64 m
Waterline length: 32' 9.75 m
Draft: 2' 3" 0.69 m
Weight: 3 tons
Loading capacity: 3 tons
Sail area: 600 sqft 55.8 sqm
Building Time Estimate: 2000 - 2500 hours

The NARAI design is a direct descendant of the 40ft RONGO on which James made his pioneering voyage across the North Atlantic in 1959.

NARAIs have been rigged as junks, Polynesian sprits, Bermudan ketch, Bermudan cutter or gaff schooners - powered by deck mounted diesels or outboard engines, the NARAIs attract the pioneering type . Now also available with the Wharram Wingsail rig (extra package).

The Mk I is the basic design. The Mk II has an extended centre cabin, giving more accommodation space. Drawings for both included.

Narai Mk IV

Red and white Narai Mk IV at anchor

Building Method: Ply/Timber/Epoxy/Laminate
Length Overall: 41' 12.50 m
Beam overall: 19" 5.80 m
Waterline length: 32' 9.75 m
Draft: 2' 4" 0.71 m
Weight: 3.5 tons
Loading capacity: 3 - 3.5 tons
Working sail area: 529 sqft 49.1 sqm
Max. sail area: 840 sqft 78.1 sqm
Building Time Estimate: 2500 - 3000 hours

After considerable experience with the Narai Mk I and II we brought out a new design to get more volume on the same length. The Narai Mk IV has wider individual hulls and increased headroom by raising the decks to the level of the gunnels and placing the cross beams in beam troughs. This is a very sturdy ocean cruiser with many ocean crossings and circumnavigations to its name.

Red hulled Ariki sailing, three people aboard

Building Method: Ply/Timber/Epoxy/Laminate
Length Overall: 45' 6" 13.88 m
Beam overall: 20' 6.10 m
Waterline length: 38' 11.58 m
Draft: 2' 5" 0.74 m
Weight: 3.2 tons
Loading capacity: 2 tons
Working sail area: 712 sqft 66.2 sqm
Max. sail area: 977 sqft 90.8 sqm
Building Time Estimate: 3000 hours

A smaller version of the TEHINI and a bigger version of the RAKA. Designed for an Australian who wished to enter the 'Single-handed Trans Atlantic Race' in the early 1970s.

A very rakish looking design with simple to construct, fast, slim hulls . However, if you are looking for more accommodation check out the newer Tiki 46.

Red and black hulled Tehini with yellow sails, view from the starboard bow

Building Method: Ply/Timber/Epoxy/Laminate
Length Overall: 51' 15.55 m
Beam overall: 24' 6" 7.56 m
Waterline length: 40' 12.19 m
Draft: 2' 8" 0.81 m
Weight: 4 tons
Loading capacity: 3-4 tons
Working sail area: 820 sqft 76.2 sqm
Max. sail area: 1346 sqft 125 sqm
Width of bunks: 2' 11" - 2' 6" tapered 0.9 m - 0.75 m tapered
Building Time Estimate: 3500 hours

The TEHINI is breathtakingly beautiful. She has a timeless look about her and dominates any harbour with her rakish, piratical looking lines. James built this boat as his own and spent 10 years living on her with five others.

The Tehini Building Plans include design modifications for Tehini Mk II. These comprise improved accommodation space with raised decks, increased overall beam, added centreboards (optional), increased sail area and various other additional details.

Questions about Classic designs? Contact us:

    Beam:  21'    Draft:  3.5'
    Beam:  20'    Draft:  3'
    Beam:  22.5'    Draft:  3'
    Beam:  12'    Draft:  1.5'
    Beam:  15'    Draft:  2'
    Beam:  20'    Draft:  3'2'
    Beam:  20'    Draft:  3'
    Beam:  21'    Draft:  3'
    Beam:  13'    Draft:  1.5'

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Brand: Wharram

catamaran wharram

Wharram catamarans are known as strong, seaworthy and simple (…keep it simple, stupid!). Wharram designs are based on years of practical, hands-on experience of building and ocean sailing catamarans. Designs from 14’ – 63’ are available for self-building in ply/epoxy.

catamaran wharram

The Unique Burial of a Child of Early Scythian Time at the Cemetery of Saryg-Bulun (Tuva)

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Pages:  379-406

In 1988, the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition (led by M. E. Kilunovskaya and V. A. Semenov) discovered a unique burial of the early Iron Age at Saryg-Bulun in Central Tuva. There are two burial mounds of the Aldy-Bel culture dated by 7th century BC. Within the barrows, which adjoined one another, forming a figure-of-eight, there were discovered 7 burials, from which a representative collection of artifacts was recovered. Burial 5 was the most unique, it was found in a coffin made of a larch trunk, with a tightly closed lid. Due to the preservative properties of larch and lack of air access, the coffin contained a well-preserved mummy of a child with an accompanying set of grave goods. The interred individual retained the skin on his face and had a leather headdress painted with red pigment and a coat, sewn from jerboa fur. The coat was belted with a leather belt with bronze ornaments and buckles. Besides that, a leather quiver with arrows with the shafts decorated with painted ornaments, fully preserved battle pick and a bow were buried in the coffin. Unexpectedly, the full-genomic analysis, showed that the individual was female. This fact opens a new aspect in the study of the social history of the Scythian society and perhaps brings us back to the myth of the Amazons, discussed by Herodotus. Of course, this discovery is unique in its preservation for the Scythian culture of Tuva and requires careful study and conservation.

Keywords: Tuva, Early Iron Age, early Scythian period, Aldy-Bel culture, barrow, burial in the coffin, mummy, full genome sequencing, aDNA

Information about authors: Marina Kilunovskaya (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Vladimir Semenov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Varvara Busova  (Moscow, Russian Federation).  (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Kharis Mustafin  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Technical Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Irina Alborova  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Biological Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Alina Matzvai  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected]

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