how a sailboat sails into the wind

How To Sail Into the Wind (in 7 Simple Steps)

Sailing into the wind seems like Poseidon's magic, but once you learn how to set up your sails and hold the correct course, you can do it. This article explains the technique in 7 simple steps.

How to sail into the wind?

Make sure your sails are close-hauled and tight
Set your direction approximately 22 degrees from the direction of the apparent wind
If you sail left from the direction of the apparent wind, your front sail should be on the left side and vice versa
Your mainsail should be centered
You can not sail directly into the wind, as there is an approximately 44 degree 'no go' zone' - 22 degrees from each side of the wind direction
Because of that, if your destination is directly into the wind, zig-zag (tack) your way towards it, going 22 degrees left and then 22 degrees right
During this zig-zag maneuver, you need to simultaneously change the boat's course and switch the front sail from one side to another

If you’re unsure what it all means, don’t worry. I will explain all the technical terms in the steps below.

It really isn't all that difficult once you remember these few steps. Plus it is a fun way to sail: the boat leans elegantly, the wind blows against you and you feel like the king of the seas.

So let's go through the steps in a bit more detail and make sure that next time you are out sailing, you can go wherever you set your mind to. Because that's what sailing is about - the freedom to do whatever you want.

But soon I was proven wrong. Because when sailing into the wind, your sail doesn't work like a sheet that is simply pushed by the wind. Rather, it works like an airplane wing. That is why sails of boats going against the wind have approximately the shape of a wing - and that's what step 1 is all about - making sure the sails are tight and hold their form. No flapping around, no loose ropes.

The sails should also be close-hauled. Close-hauled means they are pointing almost straight back. Their direction is mostly determined by how you set them, not by the wind.

I have a confession to make - you can't sail directly into the wind. That's just physically impossible. At least until somebody comes up with some new revolutionary sail system.

But here is the good news - you can have the next best thing - sailing almost into the wind. Precisely 22 degrees left or right from the direction of the apparent wind. Once you cross this imaginary line and steer your boat closer into the direction of the wind, your sails will start to flap around, lose their form and your boat will slow down.

Plus the boat will start shaking as the sails flap, it will all get noisy, simply put, you want to stick to those 22 degrees.

Don't worry, you don't have to bring a pen and paper to the helm and measure everything. The little V on the top of your mast along with the arrow that points into the wind, that's your best friend in determining the right direction. The angle of the V is precisely these 22 degrees times two.

So if the tail of the moving arrow overlaps one of the legs of the V, you are hitting the sweet spot.

If the tail is inside of the V, you are headed too much into the wind.

If the tail is too much outside of the V, you are still moving, but you aren't sailing as much into the wind as your boat allows.

The correct position of your mainsail is pretty clear. Have it tightly set right in the middle.

But what about your headsail? Your headsail is your front sail. This is mostly a jib. Even if it is as close-hauled as possible, you still have two places to put it - the left side and the right one. So what to do?

Well, the answer is pretty easy. If your sailing direction is left of the wind direction, you put the sail on the left. If you are sailing on the right side of the wind direction, you put the sail on the right.

Not much else to explain here. The tricky part comes when you need to switch sides. But more on that later.

As mentioned, the mainsail should rest in the middle. While sailing upwind, you don't need to manipulate it at all. That is unless you need to reef it during a storm. The important thing is to have it firmly set in one place. No wiggle room like would be the case if the wind was in your back. Remember, you are not being pushed, you are using your sails like wings.

All that needs to be said was covered in the second step. As already said, you can't go directly into the wind and some 22 degrees from its left or right side.

By the way, this number 22 is not exactly set in stone. It differs slightly for different boats. Racers can go more into the wind whereas cruisers have to keep the angle wider.

But you can find out what your boat's angle is quite easily. Close haul your sails, make them tight and start turning into the wind. As long as they hold the wing-shaped form, all is well. As soon as they start to flap, your angle became too narrow. You've entered the no go zone.

So right before the flapping starts, that's the sweet spot.

Obviously we have to address the important question here. What if your destination lies somewhere in the no go zone? Let's say the marina you want to rest at for the night is exactly where the wind is coming from. Dead center.

Well, since 22 degrees is the closest we can get to the wind direction, that's what we will do. Head left of your destination, sail for a bit, then turn and head right of your destination. Then left again, then right again. Dance around the center line and eventually you will get to your spot. If it sounds a bit abstract, see the picture below. This is called tacking.

How often you turn is entirely up to you. Whether you decide to turn just once (the red line), making your passage wide but with less effort, or whether you turn every two minutes, making the passage narrow (the blue line), won't influence the total distance covered.

As portrayed in the picture, going all the way to the right corner, turning and going straight towards the finish, or turning every time you reach the end of a single field has no effect on how far your boat will have to go in total. You pass the same amount of chess fields.

But know that each turn slows your boat down a bit and it takes time before it gathers speed again. So as far as time and energy goes, better keep it simple.

This means that the route you take will mostly be dictated by how wide you can afford your passage to be. If you find yourself in a narrow channel, you will have to switch directions often, if on the other hand you have nothing but open seas ahead, you are in luck.

When planning your zig-zag route, keep in mind that the wind will make you drift. Your boat will not travel in a straight line ahead, it will be pushed by the wind wherever it will blow from. Even though you are travelling upwind, since you are going 22 degrees off the wind's course, the wind is still pushing you from one side.

This zig-zagging means you will have to change directions. Especially for beginners, this is a potentially challenging maneuver and oftentimes has to be done with at least two people.

The reason it is a bit tricky is that you have to change the boat's course and switch the front sail from one side to another simultaneously within the shortest time you can. Why the rush? You don't want to hesitate because, during the turn, the boat goes through the 'no go zone', the dead angle where it won't be propelled by the wind. You will rapidly start losing speed. So you want to make sure you are on the right course as soon as you can.

Also, in this dead angle, the sails will flap and you don't want to expose them to this much, especially if the winds are too rough.

The best way to go about this is to have one person at the helm and two more at winches. Once the helmsman starts changing the course, the winch holding the front sail on one side should be released and the front sail should be winched in onto the other side. There will be a lot of sail flapping, especially if it is windy, but don't worry and just keep winching the sail in until it is nice and tight again.

A Leaning Boat

Don't worry, no more steps. Just a quick heads up. If you travel upwind, your boat will lean to one side. The windier it is the more it will lean. This is completely normal. Don't correct the course just because the boat's belly starts peeking out of the waves. The wind itself can't tip the boat over. I won't go into the physics of why that is, just know you are safe.

But be sure to have all your cabinets closed and keep the number of things that can freely move around to a minimum. Many teacups have been broken like this. It is also nice to inform those onboard that the boat will lean, especially if they don't expect it.

Feel like a Poseidon

It is precisely the boat leaned to one side, oftentimes so much that you can touch the water while standing behind the helm, and the feeling of speed, that makes this type of sailing so fantastic. As both the wind and the waves will be coming towards you, the boat's speed will feel much higher than it is. This makes sailing exciting as you feel like you are flying through the waves.

As opposed to downwind sailing where you hardly feel any wind, since you are traveling with it.

Lift Explained (Ok, but how is all this possible?)

Right. I still haven't explained that. Well, as said in the beginning, you aren't being pushed by the wind, you are, as it were, being sucked into it. I know intuitively this makes little sense but if you bear with me through this little physics lesson, you'll understand it.

As mentioned, a tight sail on a boat going upwind has approximately the shape of an airplane wing. See the picture for illustration.

Because of this shape, the wind on the shorter side has to travel slightly slower speed than wind on the other side. This results in high pressure on one side and low pressure on the other. And as with anything, where there is low wind pressure, things are being sucked in. That's why the tight close-hauled sail is so important.

The reason why your boat doesn't just go sideways is your keel. It compensates for the suction by pushing the boat and the powers combined result in the boat going more or less forwards.

So there you go. The whole thing really is not that complicated. As with everything, go out there and practice a bit. The main things to get a feel for are keeping the correct angle so that you take advantage of the wind as much as possible and mastering the direction change. It is easier to practice in slower winds before you give it a full go.

What is the Ideal Wind Speed for Sailing?

How Far Can You Sail In One Day?

How Do Sailboats Sail into the Wind?

It seems intuitive that sailboats, powered only by the wind, can travel easily with the wind at their backs, but it may seem impossible that they turn around and come home again, with the wind blowing straight against them.

But this reverse movement is possible because a moving boat's sail is shaped as an airfoil like the wing of a plane. When air moves over a plane's wing, from front to back, wind flowing over the top of the wing has to travel farther than wind flowing under the wing's bottom surface. This creates a pressure difference that lifts the plane.

On a sailboat, wind blowing against the boat at an angle inflates the sail, and it forms a similar foil shape, creating a difference in pressure that pushes the sail perpendicular to the wind direction.

According to "The Physics of Sailing Explained" (Sheridan House Inc, 2003), by Kent State University physics professor Bryon D. Anderson, this force from the sail's foil shape is combined with and balanced by other forces, including those of the boat's keel (the long thin piece that juts down from the bottom of the boat).

Together, the forces of drag, from the water, and the pressure from the wind against the sail itself push the craft forward. It moves at an angle opposite the direction of the wind, called windward in sailing terminology.

According to the American Institute of Physics' Physics Today magazine, the keel is especially important because without its balancing action, a boat would simply drift downwind.

Windward sailing also does not work if a boat is pointed directly opposite the wind direction, according to The Physics of Sailing. Wind has to be moving against the boat at an angle of at least 40 degrees for most vessels. Angling too sharply into the wind causes the forces on the boat to become unbalanced, and moves the boat sideways in the water.

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A sailor intending to travel windward toward a point exactly in line with the direction of the wind will have to zig zag back and forth to reach its target. Using this "tacking" technique, and traveling at an angle as close to the wind's direction as possible, sailors can reach a point in any direction, regardless of the direction of wind.

Got a question? Email it to Life's Little Mysteries and we'll try to answer it. Due to the volume of questions, we unfortunately can't reply individually, but we will publish answers to the most intriguing questions, so check back soon.

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How do sailboats sail upwind?

Yachts aren’t blown along – they are ‘sucked along’.

The sail creates a low pressure zone in front of the sail and a high pressure zone behind the sail.

The boat moves into the low pressure zone and is sucked forward.

This is very like the idea of an aeroplane wing , which is curved in a similar way to a sailboat’s sail as you can see below.

In airplane wings, the pressure on the top of the wing is less than the pressure on the bottom of the wing, because the air moves faster on the top , so this difference in pressure creates a force on the wing that lifts the wing up into the air.

The curve on the sail makes the air travel a longer distance over the top of the wing and a shorter distance behind it.

The longer distance the air flows, the lower the pressure, and this is why the aircraft climbs into the sky.

Below the level of the water on the boat, the sailboat’s shape helps force the boat to go straight forward as opposed to in the direction of the wind.

In addition you have the keel that is shaped like a wing, and has a lot of weight to stop the yacht from falling over when pushed sideways by the wind.

With the sails being unable to push the boat sideways or onto its side, the sails drive the boat forward.

MAIN FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT: Propel a boat with or against the wind

DESIGN PARAMETER: Airfoil (the sail)

A BIT OF HISTORY:

Square Sails 3000 BC - 900 AD

The first sailboats employed square sails. These boats successfully plied up and down the Nile and across seas for thousands of years, despite the limitations of the configuration. The square sails were pushed by the wind and the boat could only sail windward. All of the forces were in the same direction.

Wind Force + Drag Force = Boat Mass * Acceleration. The wind force overcomes the drag force of the boat.
Drag Force = Water Pressure * Keel Area + Air Pressure* Exposed Boat Area Most of the drag is due to the keel moving through the water. The sails, lines, mast, crew and cargo also add wind resistance.
Wind Force = Wind Pressure* Sail Area. The greater the wind pressure and the greater the area of the sail, the greater the wind force.

Lanteen/Triangle Sails 900 AD

Two thousand years ago, triangular sails appeared. With proper orientation, these sails could convert wind power from any direction into forward thrust. The sail might be pushed or pulled by the wind force, and the pull was stronger than the push. Although there was no physical understanding of the pulling force, it allowed the boat to sail into the wind. In the 18th century, the pulling force was identified as LIFT, and it was discovered that it was generated by fluid flow over a curved surface, an . There are two (often hotly contested) theories to explain the phenomenon of lift over the top of an airfoil: BERNOULLI and EULER.

DOMINANT PHYSICS:

BERNOULLI'S EQUATION

Edmund Bernoulli theorized in 1738 that under certain conditions , one can the energy in a fluid system is constant.

P + 1/ 2r V^2 + gh = C

P = Fluid Pressure [N/m^2] r = Fluid Density [kg/m^3] V = Fluid Velocity [m/s] g = Gravitational Acceleration Constant [N/m^2] h = Height [m]

Bernoulli's principle may be applied to when a fluid flows outside the boundary layer. The flow must furthermore be modeled as incompressible, steady, and frictionless.

(Put Bernoulli airfoil picture in here)

Usually, one can assume the gravitational effects are negligible compared to the magnitude of the increase in VELOCITY which results in a DECREASE in PRESSURE. The streamlines separate at the leading edge of the airfoil and meet again at the trailing edge. The pressure above is LOWER than the pressure below, creating a LIFTING FORCE.

The other lift theory for is based on EULER'S EQUATION.

EULER'S EQUATION

dP/dn = r V^2/R

P = Fluid Pressure [N/m^2][psi] n = Normal Vector to Curved Streamline r = Fluid Density [kg/m^3] V = Fluid Velocity [m/s] R = Radius of Curvature of Streamline [m]

The air pressure above the airfoil along a NORMAL VECTOR from the wing surface is inversely proportional to the distance from the RADIUS OF CURVATURE. At a certain distance above the airfoil is AMBIENT air pressure. The pressure INCREASES from the center of curvature along the normal vector until it reaches ambient pressure. The air pressure closer to the airfoil thus must be LOWER than the ambient pressure. Again, the pressure above is lower than the pressure below and a LIFTING FORCE is created.

For more on airfoils and lift, see How An Airfoil Works by Mealani Nakamura and How Hydrofoils Work by Tina Rosado.

HOW DOES LIFT SAILBOATS USE LIFT?

When the boat sails "into the wind", the bow is pointed into the APPARENT WIND, which is the vector resolution of the TRUE WIND and the BOAT COURSE.

The SAIL in the wind acts as an AIRFOIL and the HULL in the water acts as a HYDROFOIL, so there are two sets of forces acting on a sailboat: AERODYNAMIC and HYDRODYNAMIC

AERODYNAMIC FORCES

(insert aerodyn forces )

There are two ways to examine the aerodynamic forces acting on the boat.

The DRIVING FORCE is the thrust that moves the boat along its course.
The HEELING FORCE is perpendicular to the course. It spills wind, decreases speed, and tips the boat.

The goal is to maximize the driving force. However, as the driving force increases, so does the heeling force. The sailor makes a compromise between speed and stability.

The low pressure over the curved sail creates a crosswind LIFT force.
Viscous and pressure effects result in DRAG opposite the motion of the boat
The LIFT and DRAG may be resolved into a TOTAL AERODYNAMIC FORCE (AF).
The angle e a between the LIFT and the AF is the AERODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY, a measure of speed.

Cot e a = L/D.

HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES

The curved surface of the hull creates a HYDRODYNAMIC SIDE FORCE (SF), which balances the aerodynamic HEELING FORCE.
The water pressure over the cross-sectional area of the keel creates a RESISTANCE (R).

A large SF increases STABILITY, but is proportional to the resistance, which reduces SPEED.

These two may be resolved into a TOTAL HYDRODYNAMIC FORCE (HF).
The angle e h between the SF and HF is the HYDRODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY, a measure of stability.

Cot e a = SF/R

HOW DO SAILORS MAXIMIZE BOAT EFFICIENCY?

The angle between the boat course and the apparent wind direction, b, is the boat's ANGLE OF ATTACK.

b = e a + e h.

The angle between the sail CHORD LINE and the wind direction, a is the sail's ANGLE OF ATTACK. If the sail points straight into the wind, there will be no airfoil shape, and no lift. The sail must be slightly angled The largest speeds are obtained while sailing as close to the wind as possible, while the sail chord is approximately co-linear with the boat's centerline. The sailor must turn the boat to follow the course, but alters the sail position (lets the sail out) to maintain the sail's optimum angle of attack.

The sailor may also change the sail's shape for changing wind speeds.

A thick airfoil generates more lift, but also more drag. If you subscribe to Bernoulli's theory, the increases are due to the higher velocity and lower pressure. If you prefer Euler, the lower pressure is due to the smaller radius of curvature . For the same reasons, a thin airfoil generates less drag, but also less lift.

The sail is "kept tight" in the shape of the thin airfoil at moderate to high wind velocities. Large lift is coupled with large heeling and the boat may tip over. When the wind speed is low, the sail is "let out" a bit to generate more lift, and thus more driving force. However, if the sail is let out too much, it will luff and force the boat away from the wind.

LIMITING PHYSICS:

None Submitted

PLOTS/GRAPHS/TABLES:

WHERE TO FIND SAIL BOAT:

On the water!

REFERENCES/MORE INFORMATION: Airfoil and Hydrofoils

Marchaj, C.A. Aero-Hydrodynamics of Sailing . Dodd, Mead & Company, 1979.

Evans, Michael E. MSME. Email from January 13, 1998.

Perdichizi , Richard. Senior Technical Instructor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Aerodynamics and Astronomics Department. Conversation on January 14, 1998.

My Cruiser Life Magazine

How to Sail Into the Wind – Tacking a Sailboat

One of the first sailing fundamentals you learn with you’re new to the world of sailing is the idea of sailing a boat into the wind. Sailboats can sail in the direction of the wind, but they do so by making a zig zag course made up of a series of maneuvers called tacks.

Why does a sailboat tack, what is a tack of a sail, what are the points of sail depending on the wind direction, what’s the difference between a port or starboard tack, what’s the difference between a tack and a jibe (gybe), how to tack a sailboat – step by step, how to tack in sailing kept simple, faqs (frequently asked questions).

Tack is a confusing word because it’s used in various ways on a sailboat. Depending on its usage, it can be either a noun or a verb.

First, as a noun, a tack is a maneuver that a sailboat makes when it turns in the direction of the wind blows. For example, a boat may be sailing on a port tack, with the wind coming from the left side of the boat. After the boat tacks—which in this case would be a turn to the left—the boat will be on a starboard tack, with the wind coming from the right-hand side.

As a verb, a skipper might yell, “Ready to tack!” to their crew to let them know that the boat is about to tack. An alternative command is “Ready about!”

Since a sailboat cannot sail directly into the wind, a boat makes a zig-zag course over the water to go in that direction. The zig-zag course is made up of a series of tacks.

The word “tack” has a second, entirely different definition on a sailboat, too. When discussing the parts of a sail, the tack is the lower rear corner of a triangular sail. So, the tack of a mainsail is the end attached at the back of the boom. The tack of a foresail, like a jib, is the one that you attach the jib sheets to.

The other two corners of sail are the head (at the top) and the clew (at the forward edge). The edges of sail are called the leech, luff, and foot. So more specifically, the tack is the corner where the leech and the foot meet.

Sailboats can sail in nearly any direction except directly into the wind. Each direction has a different name and is known as a point of sail .

Sailors measure their angle to the wind based on the apparent wind angle (AWA). The AWA is simply the number of degrees from the bow that the wind is located. If a boat is headed dead into the wind, the AWA is 0 degrees. If the boat is headed dead downwind, the AWA is 180 degrees. Neither of these directions is optimal, so normal sailing occurs between 45 and 160 degrees AWA.

Close Hauled — A boat that is as close to sailing upwind as it can is said to be “close-hauled.” In this scenario, the sails are tightly sheeted, and monohulls will be healed over. The AWA that a boat can sail depends on its design. Most boats cannot sail closer than 45 degrees to the wind. Colloquially sailors call sailing close-hauled “beating.”
Close Reaching — A bit “farther off the wind,” and the boat will be close reaching. This is usually between 60 and 90 degrees AWA.
Reaching — A boat is reaching when it is precisely 90 degrees AWA. This is actually the fastest point of sail for most boats.
Broad Reaching — If a boat is reaching, but the wind is behind the beam, it is on a broad reach. This occurs between 90 and 120 degrees AWA.
Running — When a boat is on a run, it is sailing downwind. In this situation, the sails act less like airplane wings generating lift and more like leaves blowing over the water.
Wing-on-Wing — Wing-on-wing is a sailing maneuver, not a point of sail. But it occurs when a boat is more or less sailing dead downwind (180 degrees AWA). When a boat is wing-on-wing, one sail is on a starboard tack, and the other is on a port tack.

How Does a Sailboat Sail Into the Wind?

Contrary to what many people think, modern sailboats can sail in the direction of the wind . In fact, they can sail in nearly every direction relative to the wind except one. But they cannot sail directly into the wind. So if the wind blowing on the water today is out of the direction of your desired course, you’ll have to tack back and forth to get there.

For the sail to work, it needs to have air pushing on one side of it. If the boat is pointed directly into the wind, the sails will flap like flags on a pole. When this happens, the boat is said to be “in irons” and will eventually come to a stop.

How close to the wind a boat can sail depends on its design. Racing sailboats can do the best and generally sail within 30 degrees of the wind. However, cruising boats usually fall somewhere in the 45 to 60-degree range due to their wider beams and shallower keels.

The boat’s direction is always described in terms of the wind for a sailor. As such, one of the most fundamental terms in sailing is which tack a sailboat might be on. A port tack describes a boat with the wind coming over the port railing, so the sails are on the boat’s starboard side. Conversely, a boat on a starboard tack has the wind over that rail and the sails on the port side.

Describing which tack a boat is on is vital in racing and right of way rules. Rule 12 of the COLREGs , the internationally agreed-upon rules that govern shipping, says that when two sailing vessels meet, the vessel on the starboard tack has the right of way.

If a tack has an opposite maneuver, it is likely a jibe, which is sometimes spelled “gybe.”

A jibe occurs when sailing downwind. For example, if a boat is running on a port tack and wants to switch to the opposite tack, they could go the long way around and tack through the wind, or they could sail through dead downwind. Passing dead downwind so that the sails switch is called a jibe.

Jibes are more dangerous maneuvers that tacks for a few reasons. A planned jibe that is well executed is perfectly safe, but the force of the boom passing over the boat can be significant. All crew should know that the jibe is occurring and duck down to avoid getting smacked by the boom.

An accidental jibe, which isn’t planned, can be catastrophic. The force of the boom crashing over the boat can be immense if the winds are strong. It can easily tear the sail, and brake lines or damage the boom or gooseneck fittings.

You should always take jibes slowly and carefully. The stronger the winds, the more careful you should be. When tacking, the crew’s attention is focused on the jib sheets, but in a jibe, the crew must pay close attention to the mainsail and boom. The jib will usually be blanketed by the wind and easy to control when sailing so deeply downwind, so the jib sheet will be easy to manage.

Anytime a jibe is imminent, be it purposeful or accidentally, the skipper shouts, “Jibe ho!” This is to let everyone know to be ready for the maneuver—or at least to get out of the way of the boom. In light wind, it is usually a nonevent, but care should be taken regardless.

How to tack a boat depends on the boat and how it’s set up. First, the boat is sailed close-hauled on the standard modern sloop with both sails sheeted in tight. With the mainsail brought in, it will be self-tending on its boom.

So besides turning the wheel, the crew needs to only worry about the jib. The crew will watch the jib as the skipper turns the boat and brings the helm about. When the sail begins to luff or flap, the crew will release the working sheet from its winch and start to bring in the lazy jib sheet on the other side of the boat.

The slacker you can take out of the line, the tighter the tack. Once the slack is out and the line secured on the drum, you can bring the sail in with the help of the winch handle.

The boat speed at which the crew works to switch the sheet depends greatly on the sort of sailing you’re doing. If it’s a solo skipping working alone with only the help of the sailboat autopilot , the emphasis is on making the tacking maneuver easy and safe. This means taking it slow and not rushing anything.

On the other hand, if the crew is prepping for a race, boat speed is of the essence. So they’ll want to pull off the tacking maneuver perfectly in sync. A sloppy tack means that the boat will slow down unnecessarily, and recovering from it may mean losing a little ground by sailing on a reach while the boat builds up boat speed again.

A good skipper will work out how to tack with their crew in advance. Tacking involves good communication and teamwork on a boat with more than one person. Cruising boats may care little if their tack is a little sloppy, but on a racing boat, a clean tack means no wasted time and competitive advantage.

How to tack sailing boats might sound complicated, but it isn’t. It’s one of the simplest maneuvers to do in the sailing world, and it’s safe to do it in most conditions. Basic sailboat training begins with tacks because it requires understanding how a boat sails into the wind and how to handle it in different situations.

What is a tack on a sailboat?

The word “tack” has a few meanings on a sailboat. The most common definition involves how a sailboat sails into the wind. A sailboat cannot steer directly into the wind and instead must follow a zig-zag course over the ground to make progress in that direction. To tack the sailboat is the action of turning its bow through the wind. This maneuver also called “a tack” (noun), is used to sail into the direction of the wind. Also, a sailboat can be on a port tack or starboard tack, depending on which side of the sails the wind is coming from. Finally, the tack of a sail is the bottom rear corner of a triangular sail.

What is the difference between a tack and a jibe?

Both a tack and jibe (sometimes spelled “gybe”) are used to describe maneuvers in which the boat is steered onto a new heading relative to the wind. In a tack, the boat is steered through the wind so that the wind is blowing from the opposite side of the boat. A jibe is done downwind but accomplishes the same thing. The boat is steered through a 180-degree apparent wind angle (AWA) during a jibe. The sails will switch in much the same way they do during a tack, but it is a very different maneuver.

What does tack mean for a ship?

A tack is a maneuver on a sailing ship where the ship’s bow is steered through the wind. After a ship tacks, the wind will be coming over the opposite rail. A ship’s sails will not work when pointed directly into the wind, so a ship must complete a series of tacks and make a zig-zag course over the ground to sail windward.

Matt has been boating around Florida for over 25 years in everything from small powerboats to large cruising catamarans. He currently lives aboard a 38-foot Cabo Rico sailboat with his wife Lucy and adventure dog Chelsea. Together, they cruise between winters in The Bahamas and summers in the Chesapeake Bay.

How Do Sailboats Sail Into the Wind: A Comprehensive Guide

by Emma Sullivan | Jul 22, 2023 | Sailboat Racing

Short answer how do sailboats sail into the wind:

Sailboats can sail into the wind by utilizing a combination of aerodynamics and hydrodynamics. By angling the sails at an angle known as “close hauled”, air passing over the curved shape of the sail generates lift, propelling the boat forward and allowing it to tack or zigzag against the wind. Efficient keels or centerboards provide lateral resistance, preventing sideways drift.

Understanding the Basics: How Do Sailboats Sail Into the Wind?

Title: Understanding the Basics: How Do Sailboats Brave the Wind?

Introduction: Sailing into the wind, an art mastered by seasoned sailors, has always been a marvel to onlookers. It may seem counterintuitive for a boat propelled by wind to make headway against it. However, there is an elegant dance between science and technique that allows sailboats to navigate against even the fiercest of gusts. In this blog post, we will uncover the principles behind this remarkable phenomenon and shed light on how sailboats manage to defy the wind.

1. The Anatomy of a Sailboat: Before venturing into the intricacies of sailing into the wind, let us first acquaint ourselves with the fundamental components of a sailboat. Picture in your mind’s eye a sleek vessel standing tall amidst vast open waters. At its core lies the mast—a vertical pole that serves as both support and anchor for crucial sailing elements. Attached to it is a horizontal boom that hoists the mainsail—an expansive piece of textile designed to catch and harness potential wind energy. Additionally, smaller triangular sails—jibs—may accompany it, further enhancing maneuverability.

2. Understanding Apparent Wind: Apparent wind plays a pivotal role in enabling sailboats to travel against headwinds. As you observe a sailboat moving forward, you might initially expect its sails to capture winds coming from behind (true wind). Surprisingly though, what matters most is not where the true wind comes from but rather where it seems to originate for those on board—the apparent wind.

The concept hinges on how movement generates added winds perceived by sailors facing their own motion. By steering off their course just enough through clever angling techniques known as tacking or jibing, sailors position themselves so that apparent winds come in at favorable angles relative to their sails’ positioning.

3. Beating Upwind Using Tacking: To propel forward while heading upwind, sailors utilize a technique called tacking. Tacking involves a sequence of deliberate maneuvers to navigate into the wind’s eye. It begins with angling the boat at an angle known as close-hauled, which allows the sails to catch lift from apparent winds coming from slightly across the bow.

As the sailboat gathers momentum, its sails generate aerodynamic forces that, when properly balanced and adjusted by saavy sailors, result in forward propulsion rather than being blown sideways or directly backward. Through this elegant dance of skill and timing, sailboats incrementally zigzag toward their destination—a process eloquently referred to as “beating upwind.”

4. Jibing for Downwind Progress: While tacking is crucial for upwind travel, downwind progress necessitates another maneuver termed jibing. Jibing entails turning the bow of the boat through 180 degrees so that it faces away from the true wind’s direction while traveling downwind. This maneuver ensures that apparent winds continue filling the sails effectively.

By transitioning between tacking and jibing when navigating with respect to wind patterns, skilled sailors maintain control over their vessels even in diverse weather conditions—thereby granting them mastery over wind direction and propelling their craft according to their desired heading.

Conclusion: Sailing into the wind remains a captivating skill that blends scientific knowledge with masterful execution. By manipulating apparent winds through strategic movements such as tacking and jibing, skilled sailors can guide sailboats against headwinds with remarkable finesse. Next time you witness these majestic vessels gliding effortlessly against nature’s forces, marvel at this harmonious interplay between nature’s elements and human ingenuity—a phenomenon that has stood as testament to man’s mastery over his environment for centuries!

Step-by-Step Guide: How to Sail into the Wind with a Sailboat

Are you a sailing enthusiast eager to conquer the challenge of sailing into the wind with your sailboat? Look no further! In this step-by-step guide, we’ll navigate through the intricacies of this exceptional sailing technique. Sailing into the wind, often referred to as “beating,” may seem daunting at first, but with a little wit and cleverness, you’ll be gliding smoothly against the wind in no time. So hoist your sails and let’s begin our voyage!

Step 1: Understand the Theory Sailing into the wind involves utilizing a combination of techniques and understanding the physics behind it. The concept relies on creating an airflow differential between both sides of your sail, enabling propulsion even when facing directly into the wind. This is made possible by using shape adjustments, trimming strategies, and employing various sailing angles.

Step 2: Setting Up Your Sailboat Before embarking on any adventure, preparation is key. Ensure that all equipment is in excellent condition before departure. Check your rigging for any signs of wear and tear, ensuring it’s properly adjusted for maximum efficiency. Additionally car top carriers for kayaks is great way to carry them along.

Step 3: Tacking – Changing Direction To sail into the wind effectively, you must tack – change direction periodically through zigzag maneuvers known as tacking or beating upwind. To perform a tack successfully:

a) Steer your boat until it reaches its maximum angle towards one side (the closer-hauled position). b) Release and trim accordingly while maintaining proper balance. c) Begin turning slowly by bringing down one side of your sails. d) As the nose starts pointing towards the opposite direction (about 90 degrees), swiftly switch your sails to ensure they are capturing as much air as possible. e) Continue adjusting both sails’ angles based on changing winds until you reach your desired course.

Remember, control is vital during this maneuver. Be focused, nimble, and ready to adapt as necessary.

Step 4: Sail Trim Proper sail trim is paramount when sailing into the wind. Maintaining an optimal angle of attack for your sails will maximize propulsion. Adjust your sails’ shape by tightening or loosening various control lines like halyards, sheets, and cunninghams. By doing so, you’ll control the depth and curvature of your sails, optimizing their performance against different wind intensities.

Step 5: Wind Awareness A thoughtful sailor must develop a keen sense of the wind’s direction and strength when beating towards it. Look out for telltale signs like ripples on the water’s surface or flags on nearby boats. Stay vigilant while maintaining good situational awareness to seize any advantage offered by shifting gusts or calmer patches.

Step 6: Practice Makes Perfect Sailing into the wind is an art that demands practice. As you continue honing this skill with each outing, you’ll better understand how your boat responds to different techniques. Make notes about what works best for your vessel and adjust accordingly during future trips – adjustments such as using ex- cell pressure sensor strip in place of luff tape has shown positive results.

With these steps ingrained in your mind, you’re now armed with the knowledge required to master sailing into the wind with finesse. These techniques can be challenging yet exhilarating experiences once you’ve got them down pat. Remember, safety should always remain a top priority while embarking on any sailing endeavor.

So set sail fearlessly; let determination unfurl your sails! Embrace every gust and maneuver with confidence as you navigate directly into the realms of awe-inspiring adventures against nature’s very forces – a testament to humanity’s ingenuity and unwavering spirit of exploration on Earth’s vast aquatic playgrounds!

Breaking Stereotypes: Debunking Myths About Sailing into the Wind

Sailing into the wind: a task that has been shrouded in myths and misconceptions for centuries. Whether it’s the thrill of overcoming this seemingly impossible challenge or just the desire to prove naysayers wrong, breaking stereotypes about sailing into the wind has become a pursuit in itself. In this blog post, we will delve deep into this topic and debunk some of the most common myths surrounding this captivating endeavour.

Myth #1: Sailing into the wind is impossible. Contrary to popular belief, sailing into the wind is not an insurmountable feat. With modern advancements in sail designs and boat technology, sailing against or across the wind – known as tacking – has become a standard practice for sailors all over the world. By strategically adjusting sails and utilizing different techniques, skilled sailors can actually make considerable progress even when seemingly going directly against the wind.

Myth #2: Sailing into the wind is slow and inefficient. While it’s true that sailing directly into the wind requires more effort compared to running with or downwind, it doesn’t necessarily mean that it’s slow or inefficient. Skilled sailors have learned to optimize their tactics by finding favorable angles to gain speed while maintaining control. By harnessing every available breeze and skillfully manipulating sails, they can achieve surprising speeds even when traveling against nature’s forces.

Myth #3: Sailing into the wind is only for experienced sailors. One of the most persistent stereotypes surrounding sailing into the wind is that it’s reserved exclusively for seasoned sailors with years of experience under their belts. While experience undoubtedly plays a role in mastering this art form, beginners can learn these techniques too. With proper instruction, practice, and guidance from experienced mentors, anyone with a passion for sailing can begin their journey towards conquering this challenging feat.

Myth #4: Sailing into the wind limits your options. Another common misconception about sailing upwind is that it restricts one’s options for exploration. On the contrary, it opens up a whole new world of possibilities. Sailing against the wind allows sailors to discover secluded coves, hidden bays, and untouched destinations that are seldom accessible by those who solely focus on running with favourable winds. By embracing the challenge of sailing into the wind, sailors can venture off the beaten path and experience unique and breathtaking environments.

Myth #5: Sailing into the wind is a solitary pursuit. Many people envision sailing as a romanticized solo adventure or an activity for lone wolves seeking solitude. However, breaking stereotypes in this context means debunking notions of isolation during such endeavors. Modern sailboats are designed to facilitate crew collaboration and communication, making sailing against the wind an opportunity for teamwork and camaraderie. The shared challenges and triumphs experienced while navigating varying winds generate lifelong bonds among sailors.

In conclusion, breaking stereotypes about sailing into the wind is not only possible – it is essential for growth and progress in this time-honored sport. With advanced technology, an open mindset, and a passion for pushing boundaries, sailors worldwide are shattering misconceptions surrounding this captivating endeavor. So next time you find yourself captivated by the beauty of a sailboat tacking against strong winds, remember that what may seem impossible at first glance holds within it countless opportunities for discovery, connection, and personal growth.

Frequently Asked Questions about Sailing into the Wind Answered

Are you ready to set sail into uncharted waters and conquer the winds head-on? Sailing into the wind is not for the faint-hearted, but fear not! We are here to answer your frequently asked questions about this daring feat. So buckle up your life jackets (literally!) and prepare to navigate through the ins and outs of sailing against the wind.

Q1: Is it even possible to sail directly into the wind? Ah, a common query among aspiring sailors! The short answer is yes, it is indeed possible. However, achieving this requires some nifty skills and strategies. When approaching an upwind course, sailors must employ a technique called tacking. By zigzagging back and forth at an angle relative to the wind direction, they can effectively make progress towards their destination while sailing against the wind.

Q2: Why can’t boats sail directly into the wind? Imagine you’re standing outside on a windy day with your arms stretched out wide. Now try walking straight ahead without turning or adjusting your position at all – quite impossible, isn’t it? Well, boats face a similar challenge due to their reliance on harnessing wind energy through their sails. If a boat were to head straight into the wind, known as “pointing,” airflow around the sails would diminish significantly, leaving them inefficient and causing them to lose power.

Q3: What is tacking? Tacking is like a calculated dance between man and nature. It involves changing the direction of a boat by turning its bow through the wind in such a way that its sails consistently fill with air from either side. As they tack back and forth across each other’s path—known as working different tacks—sailors can move closer towards their target even when faced with headwinds.

Q4: How does one execute a successful tack? Executing a successful tack requires precision and coordination akin to an Olympic gymnast’s performance. First, the sailor begins by turning the bow of the boat towards the direction they want to go. As they approach a position nearly head-to-wind, they quickly switch the side of the mainsail – its largest sail – from one side to the other. This sudden shift generates lift and propels the boat forward on a new tack. Timing is key here too; mistiming a tack can result in getting stuck “in irons,” where the boat loses its forward momentum and ends up facing directly into the wind.

Q5: How can sailors optimize their progress while tacking? To maximize their advancements while tacking, experienced sailors choose angles that allow them to trim sails efficiently. By finding just the right balance between sailing as close to the wind as possible (known as pointing) and maintaining good speed, sailors can strike gold and make steady progress against even strong headwinds.

So fellow adventurers, remember that sailing into the wind may be challenging, but with knowledge, skillful execution, and a sprinkle of patience, nothing is beyond your grasp on this maritime journey. May fair winds guide you as you conquer waves, defy nature’s forces, and embrace exploration like true seafarers!

Unveiling the Science Behind Sailing into the Wind

Sailing into the wind is a fascinating feat that has intrigued sailors for centuries. How is it possible to defy the forces of nature and navigate against such a powerful opposing force? The answer lies in understanding the intricate science behind this incredible maneuver.

When sailing, one might assume that it is impossible to make headway directly against the wind due to its pushing force. However, skilled sailors have mastered an artful combination of techniques and scientific principles to conquer this challenge.

The key principle at play here is Bernoulli’s principle, which states that as the speed of a fluid (such as air) increases, its pressure decreases. This means that as air flows over an object, such as a sail, it creates an area of lower pressure on one side compared to the other. This pressure difference generates lift and propels the boat forward.

So how does this principle help us sail into the wind? It all comes down to angles and efficient use of our sails. When facing directly into the wind, known as sailing “close-hauled,” our aim is not to go straight ahead but rather slightly off to either side. By setting our sails at specific angles called “close-hauled points,” we can utilize Bernoulli’s principle effectively.

As we adjust our sails close-hauled, they act like airplane wings generating lift even with air flowing directly towards them. The curvature and orientation of these sails create low-pressure areas on their leeward side while creating high-pressure areas on their windward side. The resulting difference in pressures allows us to harness and convert wind energy into forward motion.

However, sailing nearly head-on into the wind alone would still be nearly impossible without another essential influence – sideways slippage or lateral resistance. This resistance prevents vessels from being swept sideways by strong gusts or completely losing control when attempting to navigate against challenging winds.

To achieve this crucial resistance, we employ the use of a keel or centerboard. These underwater fins function similarly to the wings of an aircraft but in reverse, generating sideways lift instead of upward lift. As the keel moves through the water at an angle, it creates a significant force that counteracts our lateral movement induced by wind pressure.

By combining the utilization of sails set at precise angles and exploiting lateral resistance from underwater appendages, sailors can successfully sail into the wind. The whole process requires meticulous attention to detail, constant adjustments to maintain optimal sailing points, and an intimate understanding of how these scientific principles interact with each other.

Sailing into the wind is not only intriguing scientifically but also serves as a testament to human ingenuity and perseverance. From ancient mariners who first discovered this technique to modern sailors who continue to refine their skills, sailing against opposing forces remains both challenging and fulfilling.

So, next time you witness a majestic sailboat gracefully maneuvering into the wind’s face, remember that behind its elegance lies a fascinating blend of physics and devotion. It is this amalgamation of science and determination that allows us to defy nature’s obstacles and explore horizons yet unseen.

Pro Tips and Techniques for Successfully Navigating Against the Wind by Sailboat

Sailing against the wind, also known as beating or sailing to windward, can be quite challenging even for experienced sailors. However, with the right knowledge and skillset, you can conquer this formidable task and enjoy a smooth and successful journey. In this blog post, we will unveil some professional tips and techniques to help you navigate against the wind like a seasoned sailor.

1. Trim Your Sails: One of the key elements in sailing against the wind is properly trimming your sails. To maximize efficiency, make sure that your sails are trimmed in such a way that they are flat without any excessive curvature. This will allow wind to flow smoothly over them rather than creating turbulence that slows you down. Adjusting both the angle of attack (using your sail’s telltales) and tension should be carefully done to achieve an optimal trim.

2. Tack Smartly: Tacking is a maneuver used to change direction while sailing against the wind. Timing is crucial when tacking; it’s best to perform this maneuver when you notice an increase in wind strength or a favorable shift in its direction. By doing so, you’ll take advantage of these factors and gain momentum during each tack.

3. Balance Your Boat: Ensuring that your boat is well-balanced will greatly enhance its performance when beating into the wind. A balanced boat maintains its course more easily, allowing you better control throughout challenging conditions. Make sure that any extra weight on board is distributed evenly from bow to stern and port to starboard.

4 . Use Telltales Efficiently: Telltales–small pieces of yarn or ribbon attached strategically on your sail–can provide vital information about airflow around your sails. By carefully observing their behavior, especially during tacking maneuvers, you can make real-time adjustments for optimal sail positioning and trim.

5 . Proper Course Selection: When sailing against the wind, it’s vital to select your course wisely. Observe the current and weather conditions carefully, as they play a significant role in determining your optimal route. Avoid areas with adverse currents or unfavorable wind shifts, and aim for wider angles when possible to minimize tacking distance.

6 . Maintain Momentum: Keeping your momentum is crucial when sailing into the wind. Consistent application of power will allow you to gradually drive against the resistance encountered. Avoid aggressive acceleration or deceleration, as sudden changes can disrupt your flow and result in a loss of precious speed.

7 . Adapt to Changing Conditions: The wind rarely remains consistent while on the water. Keep a vigilant eye on any alterations in its strength or direction, and be prepared to adjust your sail trim and tactics accordingly. Staying flexible and adaptable will help you maintain control and make the most out of unpredictable winds.

Navigating against the wind by sailboat requires skillful maneuvering and an understanding of how to optimize sail trim, tactical decision-making, and adaption to dynamic conditions. By utilizing these pro tips and techniques, you’ll boost your confidence as a sailor, conquer those challenging waters with ease, and turn heads with your impressive skills on board. So hoist those sails high, keep learning from every experience, embrace adventure at sea – bon voyage!

Mastering the art of Sailing into the wind

Sailing into the wind is one of the most challenging tasks a sailor can face. However, with the right techniques, you can easily sail against the wind without any difficulties. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to sail into the wind.

The Basics of sailing into the wind

Before we delve into the details, it's important to understand the basics of sailing into the wind.

In simple terms, sailing into the wind means that the wind is coming directly towards you, and you need to sail towards it. This is also known as upwind sailing or beating. The following tips will help you on how to sail into the wind.

The first thing to know when sailing into the wind is tacking. Tacking is the process of turning the boat's bow into the wind so that the sails can catch the wind on the opposite side. To do this, turn the wheel or tiller towards the wind until the sails start to luff or flutter. Then, turn the boat's bow through the wind until the sails fill on the opposite side.

Trimming the Sails

Once you've tacked, it's time to trim the sails. Trimming the sails means adjusting them to capture the wind's maximum power. The sails should be set at the right angle to the wind, which is typically around 45 degrees off the wind direction.

Balancing the Boat

As you sail into the wind, the boat's balance becomes crucial. You need to keep the boat steady and prevent it from heeling or tipping over too much, as some amount of heel is necessary for the boat to maintain speed and lift. Balancing the boat requires shifting your weight to the opposite side of the boat as it turns.

Adjusting the Course

As you sail into the wind, you may need to adjust the course of the boat to maintain a steady direction. You can adjust the course by turning the wheel or tiller to either side, which will cause the boat to turn and head in a new direction.

Maintaining Speed

Maintaining speed is essential when sailing into the wind. If the boat slows down too much, it will lose momentum, making it difficult to maintain its course. To maintain speed, adjust the sails and the boat's direction as needed.

Avoiding Drag

Drag is the resistance that the boat experiences as it moves through the water. To minimize drag, ensure that the sails are trimmed correctly, the boat's hull is clean, and there is no excess weight on board.

The Role of Technology in Sailing into the Wind

Advancements in technology have made sailing into the wind easier than ever before. With a handheld sailing GPS like the Sailmon MAX , Sailmon MAX Mini and the Sailing App , sailors can gather live data on wind speed, direction, and boat performance. This data can be used to adjust sail trim and course to maximize speed and lift. Additionally, Sailmon's technology can help sailors analyze their performance and make improvements over time.

For example: you can connect an ultrasonic wind sensor to the MAX or MAX Mini. That way, sailors can get highly accurate wind data in real-time. This information can help them make informed decisions about sail trim and course adjustments, even in challenging wind conditions. This allows sailors to visualize the (live) data from the ultrasonic wind sensor in a clear and easy-to-understand way, providing valuable insights for improving performance and sailing into the wind with greater ease.

Practice, Practice, Practice

Like any skill, sailing into the wind requires practice. The more you practice, the more comfortable you will become with the techniques, and the easier it will be to sail into the wind.

In conclusion, sailing into the wind requires a combination of technique, balance, and practice. By following these eight simple tips, you can easily sail into the wind without any difficulties. Happy sailing!

Want to learn more about Sailing Downwind? Checkout our article about the 3 fundamental skills you need in downwind sailing.

Curious things about sailing: How do you sail into the wind?

By steven law, ksl.com contributor | posted - april 4, 2012 at 11:59 a.m..

Estimated read time: 5-6 minutes

This archived news story is available only for your personal, non-commercial use. Information in the story may be outdated or superseded by additional information. Reading or replaying the story in its archived form does not constitute a republication of the story.

Have you ever wondered how a sailor can sail boats into the wind? It just doesn’t quite seem logical.

Peter Isler can tell you how. Isler is a two-time America’s Cup winner, editor-at-large for Sailing World and co-author of "Sailing for Dummies." He’s been sailing for 43 years. As he explains, a sailboat is actually a lot like a plane.

According to Isler, a sailboat has four basic parts: a hull, an underwater fin, a mast and a sail. We all know that a sail is a piece of fabric that catches the wind and powers the boat. Sailing with the wind makes sense - it’s easy to visualize and understand how it works.

But when a sailor wants to move his craft into the wind, the dynamics get more complex. This brings us to the fourth part of a sailboat: the underwater fin, also called the keel or centerboard.

Hanging underneath the back of the boat is the rudder, which allows for fine-tuned steering of the boat. Also attached to the sailboat’s underside is a second fin, much larger than the rudder, called a keel or centerboard, which runs right down the center of the hull.

The keel serves two purposes. Most of the time, the wind pushing on a sailboat pushes it from its side, from various angles. The keel’s primary purpose is to keep the boat from being pushed sideways from the force of the wind. It’s second purpose is to provide lift, which, in physics terminology, is a force exerted on an airfoil that pushes in a direction perpendicular to the direction of motion.

It works on the same principle as an airplane wing. An airplane wing is curved on its upper surface. Air passing over the wing travels over the curved part of the wing at a higher velocity than it travels over the flat part of the wing. This creates lower pressure over the curved part of the wing and lifts the wing. To put it most plainly, the low pressure created by the wind passing over the curve of the wing creates a vacuum that lifts the wing.

A sailboat uses this same principle when sailing into the wind. The sailor turns his sailboat at about a 45 degree angle into the wind, pulls in the sail and fills it with wind. The wind-filled sail creates an airfoil shape, just like an airplane wing; the wind flowing over the backside of the sail moves faster than the air moving across the front (flat) side of the sail. This creates lift, and pushes the boat sideways and forwards. And this is where the keel's second function comes into play.

Isler says to think of the sail, protruding into the sky, as one wing and the keel, hanging in the water, as the second wing. The water flowing over the backside of the keel goes faster than the water passing over the front side, which results in differing water pressures, and that pulls the boat forward and sideways.

But picture the wind hitting a sailboat’s sail. As the wind hits the sail, it tilts it over in that direction. But the sailboat’s two wings (the sail and the keel) pivot on the ship’s hull. This means that beneath the ship the keel is tilting the opposite direction of the sail, which means the keel’s lift is lifting in the opposite direction of the sail’s lift. The two sideways forces cancel each other out and only the forward force remains.

Most modern sailboats can sail about 45 degrees in a windward direction. The trick is to keep enough wind filled in the sail to keep its airfoil shape. If a sailboat tries to sail directly into the wind, the wind moves straight across the sail and it loses the pocket of wind that gives it its airfoil shape and instead the sail flaps like a flag. Once the sail loses its airfoil shape, it loses its forward and sideways energy.

“A sailor can sail to a point that lies directly into the wind, he just can’t steer straight for it," said Isler. “He must approach it in a zigzag manner, called tacking.”

In steering toward the point that he wants to reach, he comes at it at about a 45 degree angle, then he tacks, or turns his boat about 90 degrees in the other direction, and after traveling in that direction for a ways, he tacks again back to his original angle.

So what about those ancient multi-masted, multi-sail ships sailed by the likes of Columbus and Magellan? Do they work the same way or does having all those sails confound those principles? For that, I asked Jan Miles, captain of the Pride of Baltimore 2, which is a multi-masted, multi-sail ship. The Pride of Baltimore 2 was built in 1988, and Miles has been its captain from day one. The Pride of Baltimore 2 was built using the same plans as privateer vessels built by the Americans for the War of 1812.

Miles explains that the hydrodynamics and aerodynamics of a square-rigged (they use square sails) tall ship are the same as today’s smaller, single-sail boats. But, while the principles may be the same, the practice is a quite a bit different. The multi-masted ships still form and position their sails into an airfoil shape, they still rely on the keel’s counter force, they just don’t get the same results as today’s modern sailboats.

Ancient mariners had a basic working knowledge of how wind powered their ship and how to position their sail and their ship to best take advantage of it, but they didn’t understand the physics of an airfoil and how it works.

Today’s modern boats are built with airfoil technology maximized into their design. Modern sails are cut to form the most efficient airfoil. Same goes for their keels. Ancient sails and keels were not.

“Modern sailboats can sail into the wind at an angle as close as 45 degrees,” Miles says. “The old ships could only sail into the wind at about 60 degrees.”

If you have a science subject you'd like Steven Law to explore in a future article, send him your idea at [[email protected]](<mailto: [email protected]>).

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How A Boat Sails Upwind

By: Zeke Quezada, ASA Learn To Sail , Sailing Tips

A sailor’s life revolves around the wind. Its direction and its strength govern where he can sail, with what degree of difficulty or comfort, and how quickly. Naturally, the language of sailing reflects how sailors orient themselves and everything around them with reference to the wind.

Upwind and Downwind

The sailor’s world is roughly divided into two hemispheres: upwind and downwind. anywhere or anything in the direction from which the wind is blowing is upwind; anywhere or anything in the direction toward which it’s blowing is downwind.

When sailing, you trim the sails according to the wind direction relative to the boat. As you learn to sail, the all-important “points of sail” become second nature. When you are out on the water, you’ll be constantly aware of them as the wind changes and as your course changes. You will continually fine-tune the trim of your sails to suit the degree to which you are sailing upwind or downwind.

By understanding the points of sail and their implications on crew comfort and sail trim, the helmsman and the crew will be able to work together to move the boat efficiently to any destination they choose.

Sailing Close-hauled

You sail close-hauled on the very edge of the no-sail-zone — making your best speed toward a destination to windward. This involves a balancing act between boat speed and your course, or angle to the wind. For most boats, that angle is about 45 degrees to the true-wind direction, but it varies with the design of the boat, the shape of the sails (both their geometry and physical condition), and the strength of the wind.

If you attempt to sail a course above close-hauled, or closer to the wind, the sails will no longer deliver full power and the boat will slow down. Sailing a course below close-hauled (or footing off), would be faster but, if your destination is upwind, you would not be making as much progress toward it. Close-hauled is that happy confluence of speed and course that brings the boat upwind with maximum efficiency. Many sailors find close-hauled the most enjoyable point of sail. The wind (this is the apparent wind, remember) will feel the strongest in the crews faces, while the boat bounces along merrily over the waves (maybe sending a bit of spray-on deck) heeling more than on any other point of sail. All of this adds to the exhilaration and fun of sailing.

Start on a beam reach and head up about 45 degrees. Concurrently trim the jib sheet tightly (but not rock hard). Trim the mainsail to the point that its luff just stops bubbling. The boom will lie a little off centerline. experiment with small changes to the trim of both sails — it’s a fine art!

Steering is especially important when sailing close-hauled because with the sails pulled in tight there’s no more to trim in. The driver must be constantly adjusting course to any shifts of wind.

Telltales, short dark yarns or nylon strips streaming on the jib a foot or two back from the luff are an excellent closehauled steering aid.

Except in very light winds, when the boat is barely moving, the helmsman, whether using a tiller or a wheel, should always sit on the windward side for visibility and control. When you’re steering just a little too close to the wind, or pinching, the warning signs are obvious: The jib begins to luff at its leading edge, signaling your entry into the no-sail zone.

When you steer just slightly lower than your optimum close-hauled course, the sails will look full but you are no longer making your best speed to windward. Get in the groove! Concentrate on steering as close to the wind as possible without causing that small luff in the front of the jib with its associated loss of speed.

So now you’re in the groove, but don’t get too comfortable. You’re trying to get to windward, and there’s only one way to get there and that’s by a series of changes in course.

Tacking — Getting From Zig to Zag and Back

A sailboat cannot make any forward progress directly into the wind. When you tried to sail too close to the wind, the sails simply flapped and you lost headway. You may even have put the boat in irons. To reach a destination directly upwind, you have to sail a zigzag course. each leg of the zigzag will be approximately 45 degrees away from the direct line between your starting point and your destination. Think of climbing up a mountain on a trail with a series of switchbacks. This means at some point, you have to get from your zig course to your zag course, which is on the other side of the no-sail zone.

Tacking Defined

When you turn the boat so that its bow passes entirely through the wind — that is, through the no-sail zone — that’s called tacking. The word tack gets a bit of a workout here, just as you will when you tack the boat.

When the boat is sailing with the wind blowing on the starboard side, it’s on starboard tack, and when the wind is blowing on the port side, the moving sailboat is on port tack. To reach a destination directly toward the wind, you have to sail, using the steering skills you just learned, part of the way close-hauled on starboard tack and part of the way close-hauled on port tack. To bring the boat from close-hauled on starboard tack to close-hauled on port tack, you must pass through the no-sail zone — you have to tack.

Tack, Tacking, And Tacks

Where do the apparently multiple meanings of “tack” come from? An old-time square sail was supported along its top by a horizontal spar, or yard, and had control lines on the bottom two corners. When sailing closehauled, one of those corners was hauled forward and down, and was therefore the tack of the sail, and the other was hauled aft. If the wind was on the starboard side, the starboard corner was the tack — starboard tack. To go from sailing with the wind on the ship’s starboard side to sailing with it on the port side, the crew had to literally change tacks.

Of course, we also use the term coming about to mean tacking.

Sailing Upwind

The ability of a modern sailboat to sail close-hauled, sometimes even closer than 40 degrees to the wind’s direction, is due to the boat’s design and the shape of its sails and the forces they generate.

Lift, Drag, and Leeway

The net sum of the forces in play (sail, keel, and rudder) is the forward motion we enjoy. the wind blowing over the airfoil-shaped sails creates a forward force in the form of aerodynamic lift arising from the pressure difference between the windward and leeward sides of the sails. It also creates the sideways force that causes heeling and, even when the forces are in balance and the boat is steering “straight,” a small amount of leeway.

The hull and keel resist motion, both forward and sideways, because of their inherent drag, but once moving forward, the keel, because of the leeway, is at an angle to the water flow. In just the same way as the rudder generates lift when turned, the keel generates an additional forward force from its hydrodynamic lift.

When the forces are balanced, the boat sails in a straight line but with a few degrees of leeway. however, because of the frequent variations in the wind’s strength and the effect of waves on the hull and keel, this balance is hard to achieve simply with sail trim. the rudder provides the turning force that corrects for changes in the balance.

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The 6 Points of Sail: An Illustrated Guide

Depending on the direction of the wind and where you’d like to take your sailboat, you’ll need to consider which point of sail to be in. Whether you’re sailing upwind (windward) or sailing downwind (leeward), your sails will either take on the characteristics of an airplane wing or a parachute.

So what are the points of sail on a sailboat? The points of sail include into the wind (in irons), close hauled, close reach, beam reach, broad reach, and running, which go from windward to leeward and are all symmetric from port to starboard.

Knowing the points of sail on a sailboat is important in terms of being knowledgeable about how your sailboat generates wind power while also being able to properly communicate with your crew.

It’s also important to understand the difference between upwind sailing and downwind sailing.

There’s a lot of sailing terminology to hash out here as well, so let’s dive into all the different points of sail and learn what they all really mean.

Points of Sail

A point of sail is the direction of a sailboat’s journey while taking into consideration the direction of the true wind as opposed to apparent wind.

The difference between true wind and apparent wind is that true wind is the wind that’s felt by something or someone in one place (like on land) while apparent wind is the wind felt when on the move (like on a sailboat).

The points of sail, when combined, complete a full 360 degrees. Starting from the top (0 degrees) all the way to the bottom (180 degrees), we’ll now explore the different points of sails.

1. Into the Wind (In Irons)

Being into the wind or in irons means your sailboat is going straight into the wind (plus or minus 45 degrees from 0), which will prevent your sailboat from… sailing!

Being into the wind can’t be 100% avoided, and it shouldn’t be, but it’s generally not where you want to be if you plan on moving.

The into the wind point of sail is more often a pivot point for when performing other sailing actions including tacking as well as raising and lowering the mast.

When tacking, your point of sail will change from one side of the sailboat to another while crossing the into the wind point of sail. If you’re not able to cross this point of sail fast enough and get stuck, this is called being “taken aback”.

This is also considered the “no-go zone” or “no sail zone” because, you guessed it, you won’t be going anywhere fast when in this space for too long.

If your sailboat’s in the into the wind point of sail for a long enough time, your sailboat will lose all forward momentum and end up sitting around.

2. Close Hauled

The close hauled point of sail is a tad bit greater than the 45-degree mark on either side of the sailboat.

When at this point of sail, you’ll sail upwind and is often called “beating” as well as “working windward” since your boat is moving toward the wind. Sailing close hauled means you’ll be feeling the wind much more as a captain and crew member!

While sailing close hauled, your sail will be functioning as similar as it can to a wing on an airplane due to it cutting the wind dead on resulting in generating a lot of life.

As a matter of fact, this is when you’ll have the tightest sail trim. The closer you are to the wind (or the “no-go zone”), the more to “point” your sailboat will be.

3. Close Reach

As your sailboat “bears away” (moves away from the wind), it’ll enter the close reach point of sail. This point of sail sits right in between the close hauled and beam reach points of sail on either the port or starboard side of a sailboat. Close reach is a fun and fast point of sail for many sailors!

Close reach is the closest point of sail to the “no-go zone” as any other point of sail, so it’s important to pay attention to the wind and your boat sails.

Since sail trim is so important when it comes to your sailboats speed, it’s important in a close haul to keep your sail tight (similar to a close hauled point of sail) but loose enough so it’s just on the verge of luffing.

4. Beam Reach

When entering a beam reach point of sail, your sailboat will be perpendicular to the wind either on the starboard or port side.

Being in beam reach means you’ll be letting your sails halfway out and you’ll be moving relatively faster than other points of sail. As a matter of fact, it’s known to be the fastest point of sail when on a sailboat!

Not only is beam reach the fastest point of sail on a sailboat, but it’s also the most comfortable due to having more control.

The way in which the wind hits your sails at this point of sail means your boat will be transferring energy more efficiently from the sideways force of the wind to the propelling motion forward.

5. Broad Reach

Moving away from a beam reach and into a broad reach point of sail results in letting your sails out about 2/3 of the way.

At this point of sail, the wind is not coming astern from your sailboat and your sail will act more like a parachute than a wing. Now that you’re sailboat’s heading downwind, you’ll also feel a little less of a windy feel but still should be chugging right along.

Since a sail will be out almost the entire way when in a broad reach point of sail, it’ll start to feel like you’re going downhill when it comes to the wind.

While your sailboat won’t yet be truly going entirely downwind, you’ll be on the verge of entering it.

While not the fastest point of sail, I’m a personal fan of broad reach since we’re going at a decent speed and it feels much calmer (in terms of the wind speed) than more windward points of sail.

When you let your sails out the most they can go and the wind is coming directly behind your sailboat, you’ll sail downwind and you’re definitely on a running point of sail.

This point of sail can truly feel like you’re running downhill since you have the force of the wind directly propelling you and your sailboat forward. As a matter of fact, it acts a lot like a parachute and really feels great!

Also known as a “dead run”, the running point of sail doesn’t require critical attention to be made on the sail trim.

Depending on the strength of the wind speed, this means you can consider putting up a genoa or spinnaker sail to really get your sailboat moving when sailing directly downwind.

If you feel that the wind is fairly constant in terms of direction and intensity, this is a great time to put those massive colorful sails up!

How a Sail Works

When I first learned how to sail, I thought the sail was always acting kind of like a kite and simply floating across the water. Well, it turns out that it’s a little more complicated and interesting than that!

As I mentioned before, the sail can act in two different ways: as a wing and as a parachute.

When in the close hauled, close reach, and partially the beam reach points of sail your sailboat’s sail is acting a lot like a wing .

Based on the magnitude and angle at which the true wind and sailboat are traveling, the combination of the two will produce an apparent wind force.

The transfer of energy to produce a forward moving force is mainly due to the sail, keel, and hull .

Essentially, the sail catches the wind’s energy forcing the sailboat to tilt to the side followed by resistance to this tilting from the keel allowing the hull to effectively cut through the water with the remaining force.

When in the broad reach and running points of sail, these forces are still at play resulting in a wing-like action, however, in these points of sail the true wind and sailboat forces are much more aligned.

Essentially, this produces more of a parachute effect as opposed to a wing since the apparent wind force is indistinguishable from the other forces.

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What is Tacking? How to Tack and Commands

The world of sailing is vast and complex, with numerous techniques and concepts to grasp. However, one skill that should not be overlooked is tacking. In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of tacking, providing you with a comprehensive guide on how to tack a sailboat like a seasoned sailor.

Understanding Tacking

What is tacking? Tacking is an maneuver used to change the direction of a sailboat by turning the bow (front) of the boat through the wind. This maneuver allows the boat to sail against the wind, also known as sailing upwind or into the wind.

Whether you choose to tack to the right or the left, the goal remains the same. However, tacking encompasses more than just a simple change in direction. It involves understanding the commands, physics, and dynamics of the maneuver. Let us embark on this journey of knowledge together.

Decoding the Sailing Clock

To grasp the concept of tacking, let’s envision a chalkboard with an arrow pointing downward, representing the wind. Draw a circle on the board, starting from the arrow and encompassing the entire circumference. This circle represents the sailing clock . The zone from midnight to approximately 10 and 2 on either side denotes the upwind sailing area, also known as “no sail zone” According to the laws of physics, sailboats cannot sail directly into this zone. To navigate in that direction, we must employ a technique known as tacking.

Visualize sailing from the 2 o’clock position, 45 degrees off the wind, and gradually turning your boat through midnight on the sailing clock to the other side, beyond 10 o’clock. This zigzag pattern enables you to progress towards your desired upwind destination. Understanding this fundamental concept is the first step toward mastering the art of tacking.

The Mechanics of Tacking

Now that we have established the basic principles, let’s delve into the mechanics of tacking a sailboat. Suppose you are sailing with your sails hauled all the way in, known as “close-hauled,” on a starboard tack (right side facing the bow). To execute a tack successfully, you need to turn your boat 90 degrees and begin sailing on the other side of the sailing clock. Let’s assume you are at the 3 o’clock position and want to reach the 9 o’clock position.

Executing a successful tack requires the boat to maintain enough inertia to sail directly into the wind while maintaining forward progress. This means your boat must have sufficient speed at the start of the maneuver. Through practice and experience, you will develop a sense of the speed required for a seamless tack.

Effective Communication: Tacking Commands

Communication plays a vital role in any sailing endeavor. When executing a tack, clear and concise commands are essential to ensure the coordinated efforts of the crew. Let’s explore the key commands involved in a tack.

“Ready About”: The helm initiates this command, signaling the crew to prepare for the upcoming tack. The pit crew, located in the cockpit, has crucial tasks such as loading up the lazy jib sheet and preparing to release the working jib sheet. It is important to ensure that the foredeck is clear of any obstacles that may hinder the maneuver. Communicate your intentions to those below deck, as any loose items may fall during the tack. Once everyone is ready, they inform the helm by acknowledging “ready.”
“Hard-A-Lee”: This command signifies the beginning of the tack. While there are variations of this command, the essential aspect is to turn the helm quickly and decisively. The helm, or the person in charge of steering the boat, turns the tiller or wheel to windward, opposite to the direction of the upcoming tack. This action initiates the turning of the boat and sets the stage for a successful maneuver.
“Ease the Jib Sheet” : As the boat starts to turn through the wind, the crew in the cockpit releases the working jib sheet, allowing the jib to swing across the boat to the new leeward side. This step is crucial to prevent the jib from backwinding and to facilitate a smooth transition to the new tack.
“Trim the Jib Sheet” : Once the jib has crossed over, the crew in the cockpit quickly grabs the new working jib sheet and pulls it in to trim the jib for the new tack. This step helps the boat regain power and maintain forward momentum on the new tack.
“Well Tacked” : This command signifies the completion of the tack and acknowledges that the boat is now sailing on the desired tack. At this point, the crew can resume their normal positions and activities, while remaining vigilant for any further course adjustments or maneuvers.

Mastering these commands and their timing is crucial for a successful tack. Practice and clear communication among the crew will help refine the execution of tacking maneuvers.

Every Sailboat Tacks different

Every sailboat has its own unique characteristics when it comes to tacking. Even for experienced sailors, maneuvering a new boat requires a learning curve, as each vessel responds differently to the wind and helm adjustments. It’s essential not to underestimate the importance of practicing tacks on unfamiliar boats. While some boats may tack smoothly and effortlessly, others present challenges. For instance, catamarans, shoal draft keels, and boats with multiple masts can pose difficulties during tacking.

In such cases, a useful technique called “backwinding the jib” can be employed. This involves holding the jib slightly longer on the winch as the boat heads through the wind, allowing the wind to fill the back side of the jib before releasing it onto the new working side. This technique harnesses the wind’s force on the back side of the jib, helping to complete the turn by pushing the bow through the luffing arc. It’s worth experimenting with this method when faced with challenging tacks, while remaining mindful of potential risks to the jib from the spreaders on the mast.

Refining Your Tacking Technique

Tacking is a skill that requires practice, patience, and a deep understanding of your sailboat’s characteristics. Here are some tips to refine your tacking technique:

Timing is Key A well-timed tack maximizes the boat’s momentum and minimizes the loss of speed. Practice and experiment with different wind conditions to understand the optimal timing for tacking.
Maintain Boat Speed Before initiating a tack, ensure that your boat has sufficient speed to maintain momentum through the wind. A faster boat will have better steerage and control during the maneuver.
Minimize Rudder Movements Oversteering or excessive rudder movements can slow down the boat and impede its ability to turn smoothly. Practice using subtle and precise rudder inputs to maintain control and efficiency.
Communicate Clearly Clear and concise communication is essential during tacking maneuvers. Ensure that everyone on board understands the commands and their respective roles. Use consistent terminology to avoid confusion and maintain a smooth workflow.
Experiment and Adapt Tacking techniques may vary depending on the type of sailboat and individual preferences. Don’t be afraid to experiment with different approaches and adapt them to suit your specific sailing conditions and boat characteristics. Continuously refine your technique based on what works best for you and your crew.

Remember, mastering the art of tacking takes time and practice. With dedication, experience, and a focus on continuous improvement, you will become proficient in executing smooth and efficient tacks, enhancing your overall sailing skills. Enjoy the process and embrace the challenges as opportunities for growth and learning.

In conclusion, mastering the art of tacking is an essential skill for any sailor. It requires a combination of knowledge, intuition, and experience to effectively navigate through the wind and execute a successful maneuver. By understanding the commands, being aware of the wind’s behavior, and using tools such as a windex or mobile apps, sailors can enhance their ability to “see” the wind and make informed decisions about when to tack.

With practice and determination, sailors can confidently tack their boats, adjusting their course and embracing the challenges that come with sailing. And remember, if all else fails, the trusty motor is there to lend a helping hand. So, set sail, embrace the wind, and let the journey of tacking unfold, for it is a gateway to endless adventures on the open seas.

How to conduct a safety briefing on a sailing yacht

Sailing is a thrilling and adventurous activity that requires a certain level of knowledge and skill to ensure the safety of the crew and vessel. One of the most critical aspects of sailing is conducting a safety briefing before setting sail. A safety briefing is essential to ensure that all crew members are aware of…

9 Essential GPS Navigation Tips for Sailing

Sailing is an exhilarating experience that offers an escape from the hustle and bustle of everyday life. However, navigating the open water can be challenging, especially when it comes to staying on course and avoiding potential hazards. That’s where GPS navigation comes in. GPS technology has revolutionized sailing, making it easier and safer than ever…

Top Sailing Safety Tips for Beginner Sailors

Sailing on a yacht is a thrilling experience that allows you to explore the beauty of the open water. However, it’s important to prioritize safety when embarking on a sailing trip. Yacht safety is not only essential for the protection of those on board, but also for the boat itself. Neglecting safety protocols can lead…

13 Beginner Sailing Tips: Your Guide to Getting Started

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Sailboat Navigation: How to Navigate on Water

Mastering sailboat navigation is of paramount importance for sailors of all levels of experience. Whether you’re a seasoned sailor or a novice setting out on your first boating adventure, having a solid understanding of marine navigation is essential for your safety and confidence on the open waters. By honing your navigational skills, you can ensure…

The 6 Points of Sail: Diagram of Wind Direction and Sail Trim

Points of sail are the different angles at which a sailboat can sail in relation to the wind. Understanding these points is crucial for anyone who wants to learn how to sail, and it’s usually taught in sailing schools. Each point has its own characteristics that determine the boat’s speed and direction. The main points…

Sailing Close To The Wind: How And Why You Should

Sailing close to the wind is not our favourite thing to do. In fact, for a long time I would actively avoid leaving an anchorage if the forecast was predicting we’d be doing any sort of long stint upwind, especially if the wind was going to be above 15 knots!

Being worried about sailing close to the wind was really [preventing our ability to go anywhere, and it was something I had to get over and fast!

Now I am happy to admit that neither of us love sailing upwind still, but it’s no longer something I actually worry about. Learning about sailing close to the wind and how to do it safely has really helped me overcome my fears (along with a whole lot of practice!)

So if you’re in my situation right now and upwind sailing scares you a bit, then read on, and hopefully I can convince you that it’s actually super important, not all that scary after all, and sometimes even quite enjoyable!

a sailboat sailing close to the wind towards land

What does sailing close to the wind mean, how does a sailboat sail upwind, what is the best sail shape for sailing upwind, what does sailing close to the wind feel like, is it faster to sail upwind or downwind, why is sailing close to the wind dangerous.

“Sailing close to the wind” is a nautical expression that refers to the act of sailing a boat as closely as possible to the direction from which the wind is blowing. This technique is known as sailing close-hauled, close to the wind, sailing upwind, or sometimes beating into the wind (so many confusing sailing terms !)

There are several different points of sail and each one refers to the direction you’re sailing in reference to the angle of the wind. Sailing close to the wind is closest a sailboat can sail into the wind without being ‘in irons’, a term used to describe the boat stopping when you point it directly at the wind.

When a sailboat is sailing close to the wind, the sails are trimmed in so that they are positioned at an angle to the wind, allowing the boat to generate forward motion.

The boat is steered at an angle to the wind, typically between 30 and 45 degrees, which is known as “close-hauled.” This angle allows the boat to take advantage of the wind’s force while still maintaining forward momentum.

Sailing close to the wind requires skill and careful adjustment of the sails and the boat’s course. By sailing as close to the wind as possible and tacking, sailors can make progress in a direction that would otherwise be impossible to achieve directly.

Metaphorically, “sailing close to the wind” can also be used to describe a situation where someone is operating on the edge of what is considered acceptable or legal. It implies pushing boundaries or taking risks that may be borderline or controversial.

This saying makes total sense, because that’s exactly what you’re doing when you’re actually sailing close to the wind – pushing the boat as close as you can without pointing it directly into the wind and stopping it altogether.

While it may seem counterintuitive, sailboats can make progress against the wind by using a combination of the boat’s design, the shape of the sails, and strategic maneuvers.

It’s weird when you think about, but once you’ve tried it successfully a few times it actually pretty awesome. I remember the first time we made it into an anchorage that was upwind and it was such an empowering feeling!

Here’s a simplified explanation of how a sailboat sails upwind:

Tacking: Instead of trying to sail directly into the wind, which would cause the sails to luff (flap) and the boat to lose forward momentum, sailboats use a zigzag pattern called tacking. The boat sails at an angle away from the wind in a direction called a “leg” until it reaches a certain point.
Close-Hauled: When the boat reaches this point, known as the tack or the close-hauled position, the sails are trimmed in tight. This means they are adjusted so that they are relatively flat and set at an angle to the wind, allowing the sails to generate lift and propel the boat forward. It’s like how an airplane wing works if you have a good understanding of physics (though this never helped me much!)
Windward and Leeward: The side of the boat that is facing into the wind is called the windward side, while the opposite side is the leeward side. The boat’s keel or centerboard helps prevent sideways drift by providing lateral resistance in the water.
Tacking Maneuver: To change direction and sail in the opposite tack, the boat performs a maneuver called a tack. The helmsperson turns the boat’s bow through the wind, causing the sails to cross from one side to the other. During the tack, the boat briefly loses forward momentum, but it quickly regains speed on the new tack.

By repeating the process of tacking, a sailboat can make progress against the wind, gradually working its way upwind. It can feel like slow progress but as long as you’re making headway then you will reach your destination, I promise!

Skilled sailors optimize their tactics by finding the best angle to sail relative to the wind and making efficient use of sail trim and boat handling techniques.

It’s important to note that not all sailboats can sail well upwind, and their ability to do so depends on their design and the type of sails they use.

Hot Chocolate has a tiny keel and is a heavy set boat, meaning her progress upwind was always slow. We needed a lot of sail out to make decent progress and I was always nervous of this. More modern boats tend to be better designed to sail upwind and you’ll find they have superior upwind performance, getting closer to the wind and sailing faster.

Some high-performance sailboats, like racing yachts, are specifically designed to be very efficient at sailing upwind.

We’re probably not the best people to answer this question because I’m pretty sure it’s rare for us to get the optimal sail shape, but we do at least know what we should be doing!

Once you know the basics described below then we thoroughly suggest you get out and experiment. Sometimes what should work doesn’t work quite so well for the specific boat you’re sailing, so enjoy playing around a bit until you’re happy.

The best sail shape for sailing upwind is typically a flat shape with a relatively straight and efficient airflow across the sail. This shape allows the sail to generate maximum lift and forward thrust while minimizing drag.

Here are some key factors that contribute to an effective sail shape for upwind sailing:

Upwind sails are generally flatter than sails used for downwind or reaching conditions. A flat sail shape allows the wind to flow smoothly across the sail, reducing drag and increasing lift. Flat sails also help prevent excessive heeling (tilting) of the boat, allowing it to maintain a more efficient course.

This is great if you have once new, crisp sails on your boat but it becomes a little trickier when your sails are old and bagged out. If you’re keen to get the best performance possible upwind then consider replacing your sails once this happens – it makes a huge difference.

Find out how much new sails cost if you’re thinking of replacing them.

Twist refers to the variation in the angle of attack from the bottom to the top of the sail. Upwind sails often have controlled twist, which means the angle of attack is more open (twisted) at the top of the sail compared to the bottom.

This twist allows the upper part of the sail to spill excess wind and maintain a more even airflow, preventing stalling and maintaining lift distribution along the height of the sail.

This is where it starts getting a bit technical for us and we tend not to worry too much about the twist. It’s way more important for racing than just cruising.

Fullness and Depth

While upwind sails are generally flatter, they still need to have some depth and fullness to maintain shape and generate lift. The position and amount of fullness in the sail can vary depending on the specific design and intended sailing conditions.

This is where you’ll probably want to play around a bit with your specific boat and sails. We often found letting out the sails on Hot Chocolate increased our speed, so even though we knew they should be tight and flat she sailed better when they had a little more fullness.

Make sure your sails have telltales, especially if you’re new to sailing, These tell you how the wind is moving over your sails and can help so much with trim (usually).

You want your tell tails to be flying out parallel to the bottom of you sail. This means the wind is flowing how it should be.

If the sails are under-trimmed or the vessel is pointing too high then the telltales on the outside will stream aft and the ones on the inside will lift. If the sails are over-trimmed then the telltales on the outside of the sail will lift and the inside ones will flow aft.

It’s worth noting that the optimal sail shape for upwind sailing can vary depending on factors such as wind strength, sea state, boat design, and sail type.

Different sail designs, such as genoas, jibs, or mainsails, may have specific characteristics and adjustments for upwind performance. Skilled sailors and sailmakers work together to optimize sail shape and trim for each specific boat and sailing conditions.

I wish I could say I found it exhilarating like I know a lot of people do, and to be fair there have been a handful of times when this is the case, but if I’m being honest I’m not a fan of sailing close to the wind.

The worst part about it is the fact you’re almost always beating into waves or swell. This causes the boat to have an uncomfortable motion that feels a bit like smashing. It’s far better sailing into the wind than motoring, because the sails do help the boat slice through the waves a bit, but not enough!

The water and spray crashes over the deck so when you’re sailing close hauled you can expect to get wet. On a hot day this can be welcome, but it means everything gets a little more slippery and becomes a little more of a hazard.

The next thing I don’t love is the heeling, which is when the boat is tilted over. Well, that’s actually not true. I don’t mind heeling at all when I don’t need to battle my way down below to use the toilet, or go up on deck to fix something.

But as soon as the boat starts to heel I know everything is harder and more dangerous to fix, and that makes me anxious!

When you’re sailing close to the wind it feels stronger, because alongside the true windspeed you’re also making progress forward so the apparent wind speed is stronger. If you’ve been sailing with full sails out you might find you suddenly have to reef when you turn into the wind.

However it is the point of sail which feels the most intense. You can feel the boat powered up, the steering tends to be more responsive so helming can be fun, and the boat feels like it’s going faster (even if it’s not!)

Everything feels more heightened, and on the days when we’re beating into the wind with a flat sea I absolutely LOVE sailing close hauled. It’s very real and quite exciting.

This is such complex question to answer. If you were to ask me this having only sailed Hot Chocolate then I would say definitely downwind, but this wouldn’t really be true.

Actually, most boats these days sail faster upwind than downwind with the same sails out (usually the main and jib sail ) because the apparent wind speed is higher when sailing close hauled.

This isn’t taking into consideration the time to meet your destination but simply the speed through the water, as if you are sailing upwind you’ll need to factor in the fact you’re tacking and will have to cover more ground to get there.

It also doesn’t factor in waves. If you’re beating into waves they can really slow the boat down, where as the opposite can happen if you’re sailing downwind and surfing down them (Hot Chocolate hit her best ever speed surfing down a wave in 30 knots of wind).

It also doesn’t take into account the fact that most boats will have a lighter downwind sail like a spinnaker that can help it sail really fast in light, downwind breezes.

As you can see there are a million different factors affected how well a boat performs upwind and downwind. It’s pretty accepted wisdom that upwind is fastest, but it will depend on so many different factors that it’s impossible to answer properly!

I wouldn’t say sailing close-hauled is dangerous in itself, but sailing close to the wind can be challenging and potentially dangerous if not executed properly. Here are some reasons why it can pose risks, or at least feel more dangerous:

Heeling and Stability: Sailing close to the wind can cause the boat to heel or tilt significantly, especially in stronger winds. Excessive heeling can lead to a loss of stability and potentially capsize the boat if not managed correctly. It is important to maintain proper weight distribution, adjust sail trim, and be vigilant in controlling the boat’s heel angle to ensure stability.
Sail Handling: Sailing close to the wind requires precise sail handling and adjustments. The sails need to be trimmed in properly, which involves tightening the sheets and controlling the shape and tension of the sails. Mishandling the sails can lead to excessive heeling, loss of power, or even sail damage. In gusty conditions, sudden changes in wind intensity can put additional strain on the sails and increase the risk of accidents if not managed appropriately.
Weather Conditions: Sailing close to the wind in adverse weather conditions can amplify the risks. Strong winds, rough seas, or sudden changes in weather can make the boat more vulnerable to capsizing, broaching (losing control and being turned broadside to the wind and waves), or being overwhelmed by heavy weather conditions. It is essential to assess the weather conditions and ensure that the boat, crew, and equipment are suitable for the prevailing conditions.
Collision Risk: When sailing close to the wind, the field of vision may be limited due to the boat’s heeling angle and the position of the sails. This can make it challenging to spot other boats, obstacles, or hazards, increasing the risk of collisions. Proper lookout and awareness of the surroundings are crucial to avoid accidents and ensure the safety of the crew and other vessels in the vicinity.
Maneuvering Challenges: Tacking, the maneuver used to change direction while sailing close to the wind, requires precision and coordination. Mistimed or poorly executed tacks can lead to loss of control, stalling of the boat, or potential collisions with other boats. The close proximity to the wind and the quick changes in sail positions during tacking make it crucial to have skilled helmsmanship and clear communication among the crew.

To mitigate these risks, it is essential to have proper training, experience, and understanding of sailing techniques and safety procedures.

Adhering to safety guidelines, using appropriate safety equipment, and regularly checking weather forecasts are also important practices to ensure a safe and enjoyable sailing experience when sailing close to the wind.

Conclusion: Sailing Close To The Wind

So in conclusion, sailing close to the wind is an essential skill that doesn’t need to be intimidating or anxiety-inducing like it was for me! In fact, so many sailors adore upwind sailing and it’s their favourite point of sail!

For me, I like to stick to calm water upwind sailing and I think I’d prefer it more if I was doing it in a boat that was better designed for it. As it is, we’ll stick to enjoying our nice and calm downwind sails in Hot Chocolate and only sail close hauled when it’s absolutely necessary.

A lot fewer things break that way!

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How To Sail Against The Wind

Sailing against the wind, also known as "beating" or "tacking," can be challenging but it is an important skill for sailors to master.

Being able to sail against the wind means a sailor can sail their boat in most locations in the world.

To sail a sailboat against the wind:

Check the wind direction
Tack the boat
Use the tiller/steering
Adjust the sails continuously

Following these steps will allow a sailboat to sail windward.

1. Check The Wind Direction

The first step of sailing against the wind direction is the check the exact direction in which the wind is blowing.

To check the direction of the wind:

Use a wind indicator : Use a wind indicator like an anemometer to measure the exact wind direction
Check the onboard flag or sails : Look at the sails or flags onboard to get the exact wind direction
Check the weather forecast : Sailors can check the local weather forecast to get the exact direction the wind is blowing

Sailing against the wind requires a sailor to sail at an angle to the wind so a sailor will need to know the exact direction the wind is coming from to set this angle.

The benefits of checking the wind direction are it will inform the sailor of the exact wind direction so a tacking angle can be set and it will inform the sailor of the wind speed so they will know the force on the sails and keel.

2. Tack The Sailboat

The second step of sailing into the wind is to tack the sailboat, also known as "tacking".

Tacking is a sailing maneuver used to change the direction of a sailboat by turning the bow of the boat through the wind. This is also known as "coming about" or "beating."

When sailing, tacking is used to sail against the wind or to change the direction of the boat when sailing at an angle to the wind.

The tacking sailing maneuver means a sailboat will sail in a zig-zag direction against the wind rather than sailing at a 90-degree angle windward. The zig-zag direction change means the wind will alternate between blowing on the starboard side and blowing on the port side.

For example, if the wind is blowing from the north, tacking would mean sailing the sailboat in the direction between northeast and northwest rather than directly north.

To tack a sailboat:

Alert the crew : Alert the crew that you're about to tack the sailboat to prepare them to go to a close haul. Close hauled is a sailing term used to describe the point of sail where the boat is sailing as close to the wind as possible. This means that the boat is heading upwind with the sails trimmed in tight and the wind coming from the side of the boat
Tighten the mainsheet : Tightening the mainsheet is used to adjust the angle of the mainsail in relation to the wind. The mainsheet is the rope that controls the mainsail and it runs from the sail to the aft end of the boat
Adjust the angle of the sails : Adjust the angle of the sails until the sailboat is sailing at a 45-degree angle against the wind. Sailing at a 45-degree angle to the wind direction will allow the sailboat to sail close-hauled and help it to travel in the direction of the wind without being stopped by the wind forces

The keel of the sailboat will provide stability and prevent the sailboat from capsizing or being blown sideways by the wind. The keel is a heavy, vertical fin-like structure that extends down into the water from the bottom of the sailboat's hull.

As the sailboat moves against the wind through the water at a 45-degree angle, the keel acts as a counterbalance to the force of the wind on the sails, helping to keep the boat upright and on course.

3. Use The Tiller/Steering

The third step of sailing against the wind is to continuously use the tiller/steering on the sailboat. When sailing against the wind, the tiller or steering is an essential tool that the sailor uses to maintain the boat's course and angle to the wind.

Using the tiller/steering system when sailing against the wind will:

Keep the boat close-hauled : When sailing against the wind, the boat needs to be pointed as close to the wind as possible. This is known as close-hauled sailing. To achieve this, the sailor must use the tiller or steering to keep the boat pointed upwind which helps the boat maintain its course and speed at a 45-degree angle to the wind direction
Balance the boat : When sailing against the wind, the boat is heeled over to one side as the force of the wind pushes against the sails. The sailor should use the tiller or steering to balance the boat and prevent it from tipping over. This involves making small adjustments to the boat's angle and direction to maintain a stable and controlled sailing posture. The keel will also help with the balance of the boat in the wind
Maintain forward momentum : Sailing against the wind requires a delicate balance between pointing the boat upwind and maintaining forward momentum. The sailor should use the tiller or steering to maintain the boat's speed and ensure that it is moving steadily forward even when sailing directly into the wind. Getting the right balance between sailing in a zig-zag pattern and maintaining boat speed is crucial

With practice and experience, sailors can become skilled at using the tiller/steering to navigate against the wind and enjoy the unique challenges and rewards of sailing upwind.

When steering the boat against the wind, a sailor should avoid:

Turning the boat too slowly : When steering the boat against the wind, avoid turning too slowly when tacking as this can cause the sailboat to get caught in irons which can halt any progress when sailing against the wind
Oversteering : When steering the boat against the wind, avoid steering it too much (oversteering) as this can result in the sailboat not pointing at a 45-degree angle against the wind and instead have the point of sail close reach or broad reach which will halt progress when sailing against the wind
Tangling the jib sheet : Jib sheets might tangle with some fixtures on the fore deck and will need to be unwrapped. To prevent this from happening, close all fore deck hatches, keep some tension on both jib sheets before and during the tack and clear off any item that may snag the sheets

4. Adjust The Sails Continuously

The fourth step of sailing against the wind is to continuously adjust the sails as the sailboat progresses upwind.

To adjust the sails when sailing against the wind:

Trim the sails : To sail efficiently upwind, the sails need to be trimmed in tight. This means pulling the mainsail in close to the centerline of the boat and tightening the jib sail to bring it as close to the wind as possible. This will help the boat maintain its course and speed and reduce the amount of sideways drift.
Watch the telltales : The telltales are small strips of ribbon or yarn that are attached to the sails and help the sailor gauge the airflow across the sail. When sailing against the wind, the telltales on the jib sail should be flowing straight back indicating that the sail is at the proper angle to the wind. If the telltales are fluttering or streaming forward, the sail may need to be adjusted
Use the boom vang : The boom vang is a line that runs from the bottom of the mast to the boom and helps control the shape of the mainsail. When sailing upwind, the boom vang can be tightened to flatten the mainsail and reduce its draft. This can help the boat sail more efficiently and maintain forward momentum
Adjust the traveler : The traveler is a device that runs across the cockpit or deck and allows the mainsail to be adjusted from side to side. When sailing upwind, the traveler can be moved windward to help keep the boat on course and maintain a balanced sail plan

Overall, adjusting the sails when sailing against the wind is a delicate balance between maximizing efficiency and maintaining control.

With practice and experience, sailors can learn to adjust the sails to suit the prevailing wind conditions and sail upwind with confidence and skill.

Frequently Asked Questions

Below are the most commonly asked questions about sailing against the wind.

How Long Does It Take To Learn How To Sail Against The Wind?

It will take a beginner sailor 3 to 5 attempts to properly sail a sailboat against the wind without any supervision. The timeframe of this is typically within 1 week of practicing 3 to 5 times. However, some sailors may take longer.

What Are The Forces When Sailing Against The Wind?

When sailing against the wind, there are four forces at play:

Wind Force : The wind is the primary force that is opposing the motion of the sailboat. As the boat sails into the wind, the wind exerts a force on the sails that resists the forward motion of the boat
Lift Force : The sails generate lift which is a force that propels the boat forward. When sailing against the wind, the lift force is reduced as the sails are not able to generate as much lift as when sailing with the wind
Resistance Force : As the boat moves through the water, it creates a resistance force which is the force that opposes the forward motion of the boat. This force is influenced by the shape of the hull, the size of the boat, and the speed of the boat
Friction Force : The friction between the water and the hull of the boat generates a force that opposes the forward motion of the boat. This force increases as the speed of the boat increases

When sailing against the wind, the opposing forces of wind and resistance become more dominant making it more difficult for the boat to move forward.

Sailors use the tacking technique which involves zigzagging back and forth across the wind to make progress against the wind. This allows the boat to use the lift force of the sails more effectively while minimizing the resistance force.

What Are The Benefits Of Sailing Against The Wind?

The benefits of sailing against the wind are:

Improved sailing skills : Sailing against the wind requires more skill and technique than sailing with the wind. It can be a great way to improve your sailing skills as you learn how to adjust the sails, steer the boat, and navigate more effectively
Access to more destinations : When sailing with the wind, a sailor's options for destinations may be limited by the wind direction. However, when sailing against the wind, a sailor can access more destinations that may have been previously out of reach
Greater control : Sailing against the wind requires more attention and focus but it gives a sailor greater control over the boat. A sailor can fine-tune the sails and the boat's position to optimize the speed and direction without issues or limitations
Challenge and adventure : Sailing against the wind can be a thrilling and adventurous experience. It requires mental and physical toughness and the satisfaction of successfully navigating against the wind can be very rewarding

Overall, while sailing against the wind may require more effort and skill, it can also provide a unique and exciting sailing experience with its own set of rewards.

What Are The Risks Of Sailing Against The Wind?

The risks of sailing against the wind are:

Increased risk of capsizing : When sailing against the wind, the boat may be more prone to capsizing due to the combination of wind and waves. The boat may be more difficult to control in these conditions and sailors will need to be prepared for any issues with the sailboat capsizing
Fatigue and physical strain : Sailing against the wind requires more physical effort and can be more tiring than sailing with the wind. This can lead to fatigue and physical strain which can affect a sailor's ability to navigate safely
Navigation challenges : Sailing against the wind may require more careful navigation and planning as sailor may need to navigate around obstacles and adjust their course more frequently. This can be challenging especially in unfamiliar waters or adverse weather conditions
Increased wear and tear on equipment : Sailing against the wind can be more taxing on the sailboat equipment as the sails and rigging are subject to greater stress, force, and strain. This can increase the risk of equipment failure or damage

To mitigate these risks, it is important to be prepared and to have the proper training and experience to handle sailing against the wind. This includes ensuring that the sailboat and equipment are in good condition, understanding the weather and navigation conditions, and taking appropriate safety precautions. It is also important to stay alert and attentive while sailing and to make adjustments as needed to ensure safe navigation.

What Should Be Avoided When Sailing Against The Wind?

When sailing against the wind, sailors should avoid:

Pinching : Pinching is a term used in sailing to describe the act of sailing too close to the wind. When sailing against the wind, the boat needs to sail at a 45-degree angle to the wind to maintain forward momentum and speed. Sailors should avoid pinching when sailing against the wind
Sailing in irons : Sailing in irons is when a sailboat is sailing directly against the wind. This will prevent the boat from moving forward against the wind and instead the sail angle will need to be adjusted to close haul to progress further
Turning too slowly or oversteering : When sailing upwind, avoid turning the sailboat too slow or oversteering it as this can affect the ability of the boat to travel against the wind effectively

Sailing without engines

How does it feel to travel solely using the wind and the waves? Wind, Tide & Oar , a new film by Huw Wahl, explores the essence of engineless sailing

The word ‘sailing’ today is a misnomer. Instead of relying solely on wind, sail, rope and skill, there is often another power at play: an engine.

Using a motor is often seen as a necessary part of modern sailing – but what happens if there is no motor? How does the experience change if you shut off or get rid of that combustible companion?

Sailor Rose Ravetz is the owner of the Defiance , a 23ft engineless boat that she restored herself. When Rose invited her brother, filmmaker Huw Wahl, on a trip along the River Orwell, it kickstarted a conversation about what it really means to travel by water.

The result is Wind, Tide & Oar , a film that explores engineless sailing and the lives of people who live, work and voyage without auxiliary power.

“Engineless sailing is a unique perspective through which we can understand our place in the world,” Rose says, “offering us a sense of being part of the world, rather than above and beyond it.”

Rose and Huw spoke to Cutty Sark curator Hannah Stockton about the making of the film, and what they’ve each learned while moving through water without motor.

Hannah Stockton: What was the initial inspiration for Wind, Tide & Oar ? Huw Wahl: The inspiration initially stemmed from the first real experience I had of sailing. This was on my sister Rose's boat Defiance , a 22ft gaff-rigged cutter.

For almost a year Rose lived aboard on a mooring buoy on the River Orwell, in challenging conditions. She had a wood stove to heat the tiny space, no plumbed-in toilet facilities to speak of, and had to row a tender sometimes half an hour against the tide just to get ashore.

A woman, Rose Ravetz, standing on a boat wearing a green anorak and red scarf.

It all seemed like an adventure when I visited, and even trudging through the mud to get to the tender where she picked me up was something new and exciting. The whole thing felt like a transgression from 'normal' life, as if I was discovering a borderland untouched by the rules and regulations most of us have to live by.

That week, we explored the River Orwell and the Stour, landing on beaches to make fires, cooking and talking, or simply just being silent for long periods of time.

Moving through water using only the wind for propulsion felt incredibly freeing. I noticed that the rhythms of sailing seemed to change as much as our moods, and there was a calm and peace that interested me as much as the frenetic activity. Time on board was very different to being on land; it was compelling.

When I saw Rose work the boat, moving it with the elements, I became convinced there was something more than just sailing occurring. It was a connection to something much bigger. This interaction between sailor and vessel ignited my curiosity. I wanted to experience more of it, and to work out what it was that I was sensing, both in the sailor, and in myself.

A man in a small rowing boat on calm water, with trees and a sunset in the background.

HS: Why did you want to make a film specifically about engineless sailing? HW: A few things fed into the film being pinned on the idea of sailing without an engine.

Firstly, during our week on the water, it became apparent Rose’s engine had some issues, and we kept having to do manoeuvres you might usually do with the engine under sail alone. This was a fascinating thing to see, bringing up questions of traditional seafaring skills lost to the march of ‘progress’, and sparked discussions about why you might try to do it more.

Secondly, Rose introduced me to a sailor called Stevie Hunt, who had just spent seven years restoring his 42ft yacht and, in the process, had permanently removed the engine. He inspired Rose to use her engine less and eventually remove it altogether. Visiting him in Ipswich boatyard and seeing the launch of his boat, which he then rowed around the harbour, was very inspiring.

Feeding into all of this was a developing understanding of my own filmmaking, especially its analogue processes, which had started to mesh with Rose's experience of sailing. Shared themes kept springing up, like presence, timing, ecology, awareness, and scarcity, which I wanted to continue exploring together. All of these elements coalesced into the idea of the film. It was the obvious route to spending more time on water.

A man on a jetty holding a film camera, filming three people in a small rowing boat, leaving the jetty.

HS: What can viewers expect from the film?

Rose Ravetz: Wind, Tide & Oar is no average film; audiences are invited into the sensory, visceral experience of living a life on the water. It is a very immersive experience. The film is spacious and meditative, allowing the viewers to sink into the natural rhythms of wind and tide. Through encounters with characterful sailors and each of their beautiful, engineless boats, the film explores the traditional art of working with the elements to manoeuvre a vessel through water.

Unlike the frantic buzz of the information age we live in, Wind, Tide & Oar offers a quiet reflection on the world, and on what it is to be human. Its messages are subtle, resonating under the surface, much like sound travels through water; the film washes over the viewer, a reminder of another way of being.

A purple sky and water landscape with a Thames barge in the distance, moored for the evening.

HS: Can you tell us about some of the people featured in Wind, Tide & Oar ?

RR: The sailors and boats in Wind, Tide & Oar are diverse; they all sail engineless for different reasons and use their boats different purposes.

Stevie Hunt lives on his boat Birubi . After sailing her for several years with an unused engine, he removed it. For Stevie, sailing engineless is part of who he is: the challenge, the learning involved, the skill required and the skills it develops are essential to Stevie’s way of life.

A sailing boat Birubi sailing with one man Stevie Hunt.

Thames sailing barge Blue Mermaid runs residential trips for young people and vulnerable adults, using sailing to strengthen relationships and develop essential life skills.

The film also features various sailors and vessels in the sail-cargo industry , transporting goods across oceans under sail. Tres Hombres , operated by the sail-cargo company Fairtransport, transports speciality goods between the Caribbean and Europe and Jorne Langelaan, the founder and CEO of EcoClipper, also plans to build large engineless ships to transport goods worldwide.

A view of Thames sailing barge Blue Mermaid looking down at the deck from the top of a mast, at people working below.

HS: Can you tell me about your process in making the film?

HW: Most of the film is shot using a hand-wound Bolex 16mm camera from 1967. I also occasionally used a Canon Scoopic 16mm camera and a waterproof Super 8 camera – the latter was especially handy when it was raining!

One scene is shot on an Aaton XTR, which takes longer reels, but for everything else, the cameras only took reels that lasted two and a half minutes. When shooting time was up, I had to change the film, either in a changing bag or in dimmed light. Additionally, with the Bolex camera I had to rewind after every 25 seconds of filming. Not unlike the engineless sailor, who must plan everything very carefully, the discipline of using this kind of equipment is one of preparation and concentration.

A man, filmmaker Huw Wahl, holding a camera, wearing a yellow waterproof coat and a life jacket and a brown flat cap.

For example, when I set out for a two-week trip sailing to France on Guide Me , I had to guess what I might be shooting, work out how many reels I could take, and then try to retain an idea of what I’d already filmed throughout the whole shoot. When I pressed the shutter, I needed to be certain that the shot was worth taking.

Shooting in this way certainly helps attune me to the environment. The more I’m in the rhythm of what is happening in front of me, the more likely it works, and the rhythms are carried through in the film. When I hold the shutter button down and hear the expensive film shooting through the camera, I certainly gain a heightened awareness, and what I'd call a 'scarcity anxiety'. This can be quite useful in forcing me to hone in. It can also be incredibly difficult, and mean you miss some key moments.

However, when filming in digital – where I feel that I have an 'endless' ability to capture footage – I become more anxious. I've found this is not unlike some engineless sailors, who feel more anxious with an engine than without.

This technical process combines with the other process of filmmaking, which for me is all about the relationships you build with the people you are filming and the subject you are engaged in. My aim is often to try and get back to the original feeling of inspiration through the filmmaking process. Being embedded in a world like sailing – surrounding yourself with the atmosphere, the ideas, the people and the experience of it – allows things to develop that you didn't expect.

A man holding a camera sits on one side of a sailing vessel, Thames barge Blue Mermaid, while it is sailing, using a large red sail, filming towards the back of the vessel.

HS: What were your biggest challenges while filming?

HW: I always had an anxiety that I hadn’t captured footage that would really allow me to convey what engineless sailing was. Whenever I would become frustrated or anxious about this, Rose would often suggest that I needed to 'know what to push, and what not to push'.

Rose’s wisdom came from her own experience as an engineless sailor, where there are distinct limits to one’s ability to control situations: this was the challenging lesson that we both had to slowly learn.

A small white sailing boat with a blue rim and two red sails is in the foreground, behind the boat are trees and a riverbank. On board the boat is a man in a yellow coat.

In terms of physical challenges one of the most difficult sails was the sequence that opens the film.

We were going around the Lizard in Cornwall on board Guide Me, and it was the first time I had experienced real seasickness. Without going into too many gruesome details, each time I went down below deck to change a film in the changing bag, I had to rush back up once it was done to be sick! This happened multiple times until I was entirely exhausted. The 16mm camera also jammed, but, luckily, I had brought a Super 8 camera as back-up. Still, there was a period in the middle of that sail where I was just too unwell to film. Amazing scenes were going on all around me, and all I could do was wait for the next bout of sickness to climax.

A huge highlight in production was the Engineless Sailing Jolly , which Rose organised alongside other sailors in the film. It was a real community event, which later won the 'Best Contribution to East Coast Sailing' award from the Colne Smack Preservation Society. I loved how uncompetitive it was, and how celebratory it became.

In the foreground, a crowd of people on land are looking out onto a number of small sailing vessels, with their sails up, a mix of red and white. There are hills, trees and fields in the background.

RR: After every shoot, Huw would send off the 16mm reels to Kodak to be developed. He would then receive the footage in digital form and would send me what were called the ‘rushes’ – raw, unedited silent footage. Watching the rushes was a recurring highlight of the production for me. The footage shot by Huw was always so incredibly mesmerising, capturing the essence of what life at sea was like.

The sky and sea are a dark blue colour with the moon in the background. To the right of the image is a partial view of a sailing vessel and rigging.

HS: Can you tell me about the Wind, Tide & Oar book?

RR: The book arose from meeting the publisher and author Elte Rauch of The New Menard Press. Elte was inspired to bring her literary knowledge to the table to pursue these ideas further in the written word. Thus, the idea of an accompanying book was seeded. The book really stands on its own however as a beautiful and fascinating anthology. It features the voices of a diverse array of sailors and people intimately connected to the sea, including various characters from the film – and Huw as well.

While the heart of the book is the concept of engineless sailing, the narratives explore broader topics too, making it a compelling read for anyone interested in the sea, ecology, mental health and more.

We launched the book alongside the film at Royal Museums Greenwich, and it has received a very positive response so far. It's available to buy in the Cutty Sark shop and online .

The sky and water are a washed out pale colour. The foreground is of a small sailing vessel with three white sails flown and the silhouette of a person on deck. There are navigation markers visible.

HS: How has Wind, Tide & Oar been received so far?

RR: After its debut at Royal Museums Greenwich, the film has been touring the south-east coast on Blue Mermaid , powered entirely by wind and tide. I’ve travelled to meet the barge in each port, introducing the film and answering questions after each screening. I’ve therefore had the privilege of engaging with all the audiences of the film so far!

It has been wonderful to witness the audience’s responses to the film. Viewers have described the film as being an 'extraordinary experience' and one that inspires a feeling of 'calm' and 'connection'.

It resonates with sailors and non-sailors alike: I have heard many people are inspired either to sail more without using their engines, or to start sailing having never done so before!

People have been very intrigued about the future of engineless sailing and how it might play a part in a sustainable global economy. For some, it offers an exploration of another way of being in the world. The film has also received some wonderful comments both from well-known critics and sailors, and we hope this trend will continue as the audience broadens and more people get to see it.

There are green trees and plants in the foreground and background, with a river running through the middle and a small sailing vessel with three white sails passing through.

HS: What do you hope viewers take away from the film?

HW: I’d like what I experienced in those first days sailing on Defiance – the connection and the space, the rhythms, the sense of belonging – to come across in the film. If the intellectual and conceptual things that occurred in my head and the sensorial and tactile experiences that happened in my body somehow combine in the moving image, perhaps the audience can also partake in that 'opening' of the world.

RR: For me, the film is a quiet but powerful reflection on our human connection to the natural world. I’d like for audiences to contemplate what it means to be in conversation with nature: to work with natural forces rather than attempting to dominate or power over them.

In my view, engineless sailing is a unique perspective through which we can understand our place in the world; offering us a sense of being part of the world rather than above and beyond it.

Having said that, there are so many different take-aways from this film, and I couldn’t possibly name them all. Each viewer will have their unique perspective, and this is the wonderful thing about such a spacious, open work of art.

sailing vessel with sails up seen in foreground, with a sea of wind turbines behind.

HS: What are your future plans for Wind, Tide & Oar ?

RR: After such a successful premiere at Royal Museums Greenwich, the bar has been set high for Wind, Tide & Oar’s future!

Following the premiere, the Thames sailing barge Blue Mermaid set off on the film’s tour around the south-east coast of the UK. Supported by the Lottery Heritage Fund and operated by Sea-Change Sailing Trust, youth trainees are sailing the barge between ports, with screenings of the film taking place in each destination.

The foreground is a long brown beach with a vessel Thames sailing barge Blue Mermaid sailing in the distance, with four red sails.

She is now more than halfway through the tour, has visited six ports and offered at least two screenings in each, with over 500 people coming aboard to see the film. The barge also boasts a fascinating exhibit on Thames barge heritage, which is open to the public in each location she visits. Tickets are free and can be booked on our website . An exclusive snapshot of the film is also available to view on Cutty Sark for the duration of the tour.

Find tour tickets and check future screening dates on the Wind, Tide & Oar website .

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Sailing Explained: How to Sail Against the Wind

Table of Contents

Last Updated on September 18, 2023 by Boatsetter Team

Sailing is a beautiful and majestic sport. It’s pretty clear how a boat sails downwind with the breeze pushing against the sails, but have you ever wondered: how do you sail against the wind?

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Sailing is about aerodynamics & hydrodynamics

The aerodynamics is how wind acts on the sails, and the hydrodynamics is how forward motion is created with the help of underwater lateral resistance. Sails are basically airplane wings set on end. As the wind comes in contact with the forward end of the curved foil (the luff of the sail) it splits, passing on both the downwind (leeward) and upwind (windward) sides.

The wind on the leeward side travels a longer distance due to the curvature of the sail and creates a low-pressure area, while the wind on the windward side travels a shorter distance and reaches the aft end faster. The combination creates an aerodynamic lift that “pulls” or “sucks” the boat forward.

That’s only half the equation: pressure in the sails will still push the boat more sideways than pull it forward. That’s where the keel or centerboard below the waterline comes into play by transferring sideways pressure into forward momentum.

With the lift of the sails and the lateral push or hydrodynamics of the keel, upwind sailing is achieved. Where the wind concentrates its force in the sails is called the center of effort while the keel below is called the center of lateral resistance.

No, boats cannot sail directly into the wind

Instead, they make progress toward an upwind mark by sailing at angles, which are called “points of sail.” Close hauled is roughly 45 degrees off the true breeze, a close reach is 60 degrees, and a beam reach is at 90 degrees. When sailing lower (greater degrees) than a beam reach, you’re no longer sailing upwind.

If the bow faces directly into the wind, the boat cannot make forward progress and is said to be “in irons.” When sailing very close to the wind direction, a boat is said to be “pinching” or “beating” which isn’t a very efficient way to sail.

Changing direction when sailing upwind is called “tacking” and it’s when the bow of the boat is brought through the eye of the wind. Turning upwind is called “heading up” and turning downwind is “falling off.” When the wind first passes over the starboard rail, you’re on a starboard tack and vice versa.

Boats sail in true wind, which is the breeze that’s actually blowing at a given speed and angle. However, the boat is actually responding to the apparent wind, which is the angle and speed of the breeze that is felt on a moving vessel.

Upwind sailing is a craft

While the basics of upwind sailing are simple, it can take years to master the nuances of sail trim (moving sails in and out) and sail shape (making other adjustments to change the way the wind affects the sail). The sails are sheeted in (made flatter) by pulling in the sheeting lines or loosened to create a “belly” or depth in the sail.

Pro tip: At age 16, Jessica Watson became the youngest person to sail around the world without stopping and without assistance. Talk about inspiration!

Sheeting in (bringing the sails closer to the centerline) enables the boat to point higher (sail closer to the true wind) while easing out (loosening the aft end of the sail) creates more power. If a sail begins to luff or flutter when sailing upwind, it needs to either be trimmed in or the boat must change direction and fall off the wind to get more efficient airflow over the foils.

Learning on a small sailboat is ideal as they react immediately to changing conditions, so you learn the cause and effect of your actions on sail trim. The theory is easy. The actual practice takes years to perfect, and it’s what separates good sailors from newbies.

Once you have it down, you can (eventually) sail or zig-zag your way to just about anywhere. Perhaps then you can charter a larger boat from a peer-to-peer rental service like Boatsetter and explore new watery horizons.

Sailor, there’s more where that came from:

10 Best Beginner Sailboats
Types of Sailboats
Do Sailboats Have Motors?
Sailing, Destinations, & Boating Basics: Explore the Boatsetter blog

Boatsetter is a unique boat-sharing platform that gives everyone— whether you own a boat or you’re just renting — the chance to experience life on the water. You can list a boat , book a boat , or make money as a captain .

List your boat & start earning an avg. of $20K yearly with Boatsetter

Zuzana Prochazka is an award-winning freelance journalist and photographer with regular contributions to more than a dozen sailing and powerboating magazines and online publications including Southern Boating, SEA, Latitudes & Attitudes and SAIL. She is SAIL magazines Charter Editor and the Executive Director of Boating Writers International. Zuzana serves as judge for SAIL’s Best Boats awards and for Europe’s Best of Boats in Berlin.

A USCG 100 Ton Master, Zuzana founded and manages a flotilla charter organization called Zescapes that takes guests adventure sailing at destinations worldwide.

Zuzana has lived in Europe, Africa and the United States and has traveled extensively in South America, the islands of the South Pacific and Mexico.

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How To Sail Against The Wind

Last Updated by

Daniel Wade

June 15, 2022

Efficiently being able to sail against the wind takes more practice and skill than any other sailing endeavor. Doing this well will enable you to sail anywhere.

Powered only by the wind, it seems intuitive that sailboats can easily travel with the wind behind them. However, when it is time to turn the other way and go home, it may seem impossible to sail home with the wind blowing straight against your boat.

Table of contents

But it is possible for this movement to become reversed because the sail of a moving sailboat is shaped like an airfoil like an airplane's wing.

When the air moves over the wing of a plane from the front and going backward, the wind that flows over the wing's top has to travel farther than the wind that flows beneath the bottom surface of the wing. This creates a difference in pressure to lift the airplane.

On sailboats, the wind that blows at an angle against the boat inflates the sail. It forms a foil shape similar to the airplane. It creates a pressure difference pushing the sail perpendicular to the direction of the wind.

Sailing Windward

The force from the foil shape of the sail is balanced and combined with other forces including the keep of the boat. The keel is the thin, long piece jutting down from the boat bottom.

From the water, the forces of drag simultaneous with wind pressure against the sail pushes the craft onwards. It moves at angles opposite the wind direction. in sailing terminology, this is called windward.

The keel is of particular importance because without its balance action. boats would drift simply downwind. Sailing windward won't work either if boats are directly pointed opposite the direction of the wind. Instead, the wind has to move against the boat at angles of about forty degrees for many sailboats.

When you angle your sailboat too sharply into the wind will cause the forces on the craft to become imbalanced. When this happens, the boat will then move sidewards into the water.

It is possible to sail against the wind when your sailboat's sail is slightly angled in a direction that is more forward than the force of the sail. The boat can then move forward in this aspect because the centerline or the keel of the boat does to the water what the sail is doing to the wind.

The sail's force keeps its balance by the keel's force. This keeps the boat from moving into the sail force's direction. A proper angle of attack moves the boat forward even if the total force of the sail is to the side when the boat sails into the wind.

In other words, when the sail is angled away from the hull's centerline, the more the force is pointing forward rather than pointing to the side. When you combine the forward force's slight adjustment with the water's opposition to the air, the boat can then shoot windward because you have found a way to sail a course of least resistance against the wind.

A sailboat sailing against the wind will turn through the point on each tack. This is the point in which the boat is neither on the starboard tack or the port tack and is directly headed against the wind.

On the other hand, boats are not able to sail directly against the wind. Thus, f a boat heads into the wind it is said to be "in irons" when it loses steerage. For this reason, a boat sailing against the wind is sailing with the sails trimmed tightly, also known as sailing "close-hauled."

When it comes to how to sail against the wind, keep in mind that when a sailboat sails too close to the wind, or with an angle too small to the wind, the term is called "pinching." This is also a phrase used in colloquial expression that means "recklessness."

To reach its target, sailors that intend to travel windward to a point in line with the exact wind direction will need to zig-zag in order to reach its destination. This technique is tacking. Sailors can reach a point in any direction using the technique of tacking and traveling at angles closest to the wind direction.

Sailing against the wind in practice is usually achieved at a course of and angle of around forty-five degrees to the oncoming wind. To reach specific points, alternating the wind's direction between the starboard and the port is sometimes necessary. The term for this is "tacking."

Tacking is when a yacht or a sailboat sail against the wind. Counterintuitively, this means that compared to having a weak wind behind you, it is always better to have the strong wind in the direction opposite your craft. Having no wind is the worst-case scenario. Think of vectors.

The wind generates forces against the boat's hull through the momentum change that the sails cause. The force goes both towards the direction of where you are going and perpendicular to the motion. The keel takes up the perpendicular force and leans the yacht. Motion is then created by the remaining forward vector.

If your destination is located upwind, how are you going to sail there? Because of the lift created by wind blowing across and not against them, the sails propel the boat forward. This happens unless the wind blows from directly over the back of the boat (astern).

As you begin steering in the direction of the wind, you trim the sails tighter in and keep them full, so that lift is continuously generated. However, sailing too close to the sail and wind will "luff."

This means the edge of the forward sail begins to flutter inwards and outwards and the boat slows down. If you begin turning more into the wind, the whole sail will soon be flapping like a king-sized bedsheet you hung out to dry.

However, don't stop turning into the wind and you will soon see the sail filling on the other side of the boat. This is called tacking and the scientific reasons are explained as you read further down.

Sailboats made today can sail up to around a forty-five-degree angle against the wind. For example, if the north wind is blowing into your sail, the boat can sail on a port tack about the northeast.

The boat can sail all the way through to northwest, west, south, and east on the starboard tack, or wind coming from the boat's right side. Port tack means that the wind comes over the left side of the port. Tack means which side of the boat the wind blows from.

Even if you can't sail your boat literally directly into the wind, sailors call this tacking or beating to windward. You will find that on the newer tack, you sail in the direction that's at about right angles to the old tack. This occurs with the wind still at about forty-five degrees but this time on the other side. The zig-zagging and the repeated tack will move the boat upwind.

You can learn more about tacking a sailboat here .

Four Forces

Four forces act on a sailboat trying to sail against the wind. The two that directly affect the boat are the viscosity force of the water and the force of the wind, which propels the boat.

The water's viscosity slows down the boat and helps her keep on-course. The remaining two forces are buoyancy and gravity. Buoyancy pulls up the sailboat and gravity pulls her down. All of these forces keep the boat afloat as it sails against the wind.

The combined effect of the water and the wind is a net force pushing the boat diagonally against the wind. The resistance of the water combined with the force of the wind determines the direction in which a sailboat sails. On the sail, the force exerted by the wind has two components:

The lift component pushing the sail into the wind perpendicularly.
The drag component pushing the sail into the direction of the wind.

Because of the lift, the direction of the wind-force varies from the direction in which the wind blows. The angle between the wind and the sail shape of the sail will determine what direction the wind force goes.

The forward motion of the boat and her slippage sidewise slows down due to water resistance. For boats to sail against the wind diagonally, the sidewise slippage needs to be minimal compared to the motion forward. Sidewise slippage is significantly reduced with the keel.

If a keel somewhat eliminates the sidewise slippage, sailboats can only move in the keel's direction. This is also the direction of the sailboat's centerline. Whenever the wind-force total diagonally points forward in relation to the keel, the boat will then move forward in the keel's direction.

If the keel is pointing diagonally into the wind, and the wind-force diagonally points forwards, the boat will then diagonally sail into the wind.

On the other hand, the boat won't be able to diagonally sail into the wind if the sidewise slippage is too big. Just like everything else, sailing against the wind takes practice. Master this and you can sail yourself anywhere in the world and through anything.

I've personally had thousands of questions about sailing and sailboats over the years. As I learn and experience sailing, and the community, I share the answers that work and make sense to me, here on Life of Sailing.

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Chicago to Mackinac sailboat race: Storm snaps masts, tosses sailor into Lake Michigan

A fast-moving summer storm Saturday night on Lake Michigan left carnage in its path after three huge sailboats snapped masts and a fourth boat had to rescue a man after he fell overboard, all in the middle of the night under total darkness during the first day of the Chicago to Mackinac race .

“It was about 11:30 Eastern Time and we outpaced a couple storms. The team was getting ready … when a squall hit us. The wind picked up from about 18 knots to over 30 knots and shifted 80 degrees,” Skip Dieball, 53, of Wilmette, Illinois, a tactician racing on the 52-foot Usual Suspects, said on Sunday. “Sometimes in the daytime, you can see some of the shifts coming, the wind pattern on the water. But it was so dark we couldn’t see anything. We told each other we would prepare early. We were, and it just came really fast.”

Disaster was averted after Madcap, a Santa Cruz 52 owned and skippered by John Hoskins, responded to a man overboard report from Callisto, a J/125 owned and skippered by Jim Murray. Both boats resumed racing the 333-statute-mile (289-nautical-mile) race without injury.

In addition to Usual Suspects, owned by Eric Wynsma, masts broke on the 65-foot Sagamore owned by Laura and Tone Martin, along with the 45-foot Sapphire, owned by Robert Radway. No injuries were reported, according to Laura Muma, communications director for the Chicago to Mackinac race.

Despite being on high alert to take down sails, the demasting events were intense.

‘Loud as the loudest thunder’

As soon as the mast snapped, Dieball said the crew started doing a head count to be certain all 13 sailors were still onboard. The rig could have come down on the crew if they had been in their normal stations, but they were scattered. While the mast “broke violently,” Dieball said, “it did not come down violently.”

The race boat, with its custom carbon fiber mast, strong and light but brittle, is designed for high-performance racing and often used in America’s Cup races.

When the mast broke, it sounded like a “crack of thunder” immediately overhead, Dieball said. “It’s as loud as the loudest thunder.”

When the mast settled, the crew had to rapidly assess next steps. The biggest fear is that the broken mast will bang against the boat and puncture a hole, Dieball said. A mast on a boat that size can be 60 or 70 feet tall, he said.

“Part of your safety equipment is having cutting devices that get the mast away from the boat. The mast had broken in three different spots and it was time to start cutting things away,” Dieball said. “Carbon fiber, in many ways, is sharper than steel. We had to make sure no one was in a spot where one of the pieces would actually cut them.”

So sailors took out cutting tools and knives they’re required to carry as part of the racing protocol — and sliced away rigging as fast as possible, letting material sink into the water.

‘Survival mode’

Skipper Eric Wynsma, a real estate developer from Grand Rapids, had three of his grown kids racing, too. This was his 25th Chicago to Mackinac race.

“We were just in survival mode,” Dieball said, cutting away for about 30 minutes. “After the (storm) cell went through, the wind died off. So it wasn’t like we were battling elements. We were into the race about nine hours, finishing about a third of the course, and we returned to Muskegon.”

After stabilizing the situation, the Usual Suspects crew contacted the U.S. Coast Guard and reported debris in the water. The race boat didn’t need assistance once the rigging was cut away, Dieball said. They made certain nothing was wrapped around the propeller and Usual Suspects spent the next three hours motoring back, arriving about 5 a.m.

No one was freaking out, Dieball said. “It was all business.”

The costly damage prevents Usual Suspects from racing the Bayview Mackinac race from Port Huron to Mackinac, which starts Saturday.

Fast Tango fights DeTour

Tim Prophit , of St. Clair Shores, owner and skipper of the 40-foot Fast Tango, didn’t get slammed by the storm, but his nine-member crew prepared by making sail changes and reefing the main sail for better control.

“All of a sudden, the waves felt different, a different pattern, a different height. And the temps dropped,” he said Sunday while racing. “We were paying very close attention to the weather.”

Fast Tango won its class and placed second overall in the Chicago to Mackinac race last year, and was the overall winner in the Port Huron to Mackinac race.

This year, Fast Tango is battling the 34-foot DeTour, owned by Chuck Stormes, of Grosse Pointe Farms, no stranger to winning class and overall trophies.

Christy Storms said early Sunday afternoon she couldn’t look at the tracker to see how her husband was doing. It made her crazy. She didn’t know there had been a storm, she said, thank God, or she would have been worried sick.

“This is the first year I’ve been trying to not stalk him,” she said. “It’s tough looking every minute. It just makes me crazy.”

Family members are known to sleep with their phones under their pillows, call and text each other every hour through the night until the race is finished.In years past, Christy Storms said, “it was like crack. It just make me so anxious.”

So, she went online, noticed he was doing great, took a snapshot of the tracker, put her phone down and went to bed with their 11-year-old dog Striker.

Early Monday, Prophit confirmed that Fast Tango won first in class against 11 competitors. They crossed the finish line in 41 hours, 59 minutes, 47 seconds.

Chaos on other boats, too

Following the storm, 15- to 20-knot southerly winds continued to propel the 247-boat fleet north, Muma said in the race update.

While mast loss made headlines with sailing reporters, other boats had serious issues that went unreported. And they kept going, hoping for the best.

Mark DenUyl, of Marysville, Michigan, owner and skipper of the 34.5-foot Good Lookin’, watched his carbon fiber bowsprit snap in half during the high winds right about 11:30 p.m. Saturday. Now it’s held together with electrical tape and sail tape.

Crew member Brennan Churchill, 22, texted his dad at home in Kimball, Michigan, with an update on the damaged equipment used to extend the sail, so it captures more wind.

“He knew better than to tell his mother,” Tracy Heany Churchill said Sunday. “He knows I go into freakout mode.”

Ron Churchill always sails with his son, who won his first Mackinac race at age 15, but Ron couldn’t leave work as a senior operations manager for a natural gas storage facility to do both the Chicago and Port Huron races to Mackinac.

“I feel like I’m lost right now. I just feel like I’m supposed to be there,” Ron Churchill said Sunday.

Brennan Churchill described the boat tipping so far to one side that the crew was in waist-deep water, his father said. “Everybody stayed on the boat. Water was washing over them.”

The sudden gust of wind created such force that it likely flexed and snapped, he said. As a result of the damage, the crew held steady until daylight to try and figure out what to do, Churchill said. “They did a good job with just staying composed and keeping the boat moving well.”

On Monday morning, Good Lookin’ crossed the finish line in third in class against a dozen other J/105 boats despite damage to critical equipment.

Cara DenUyl and her 19-year-old daughter, Riley, woke up at 5:30 a.m. Monday to watch online the Good Lookin’ finish. “It was a nail-biter. It was close between second and third. They were in second place at 2 a.m. Sunday, when that storm hit. Then they fell back all the way to seventh place. At the time, we didn’t know the storm had hit. Somehow they got everything fixed enough to keep going, thankfully. I feel relief that they made the podium.”

‘Breathtaking’ speed

With storms come great wind. Or, in sailor speak, great air.

Winn Soldani, race chair of the Chicago to Mackinac race, said this weekend’s storms brought “epic” conditions that weather models predicted, which is important for safety.

“We’re watching boats going 20 knots, or about 23 mph, and it’s breathtaking,” Soldani told Shifting Gears from the finish line near the Mission Point hotel on Mackinac Island on Sunday.

“When the squalls hit, the wind changed direction very rapidly, from out of the south to out of the west, at 33 to 35 mph,” he said. “Some of these sails are the size of tennis courts. They’re huge. So this changes pressure on the mast.”

That’s what causes masts to snap, Soldani said. Strict safety protocols protect the 2,200 sailors racing this year, and that’s why they’re required to wear special tracking devices on their bodies at all times.

Storm winds create record-setting conditions

As a result of the strong winds, this race broke the speed record.

The 80-foot Maverick finished in 22 hours, 24 minutes, 23 seconds, breaking a record set 22 years ago by 66 minutes, 11 seconds.

Sanford Burris, of Kirtland, Ohio, sailed with his sons and friends on the carbon fiber Andrews 80 they have spent the past three years upgrading, according to Muma. The 20-person crew included Rodney Keenan, founder of Evolution Sails.

“The team celebrated briefly as the Maverick team crossed the race to Mackinac finish line between Mackinac Island and the Round Island lighthouse … and then kept on sailing,” said the Chicago to Mackinac news release.

Maverick is one of 25 sailboats registered for this year’s “Super Mac” race, a combination of the Chicago Mackinac and the Bayview Mackinac races, which means they will continue into Lake Huron, heading south to Port Huron, for a total of 565 statute miles (495 nautical miles).

More: Star Line Mackinac Island Ferry Co. sells to Florida billionaire

Phoebe Wall Howard, a Free Press auto reporter for nearly seven years, now writes a column on car culture, consumer trends and life that will appear periodically on Freep.com and in print. Those columns and others will appear on her Substack at https://phoebewallhoward.substack.com/about Contact her at [email protected].

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Japanese man arrested after sailing his yacht to Navy base on Okinawa

Japanese, American and United Nations flags flap in the breeze at White Beach Naval Facility, Okinawa, April 14, 2023. (Stars and Stripes)

CAMP FOSTER, Okinawa — A Japanese yachtsman was taken into custody this week after landing at White Beach Naval Facility, according to the Navy and Japan’s coast guard.

U.S. military police “arrested a Japanese man who landed within the premises of White Beach on a yacht” and reported it to the coast guard at 1:25 p.m. Tuesday, a coast guard news release said. The man was handed over to the coast guard at 3:13 p.m., according to the release.

A spokeswoman for Fleet Activities Okinawa said the man sailed a “leisure vessel” into restricted waters near White Beach. The coast guard towed the vessel away, according to an email from spokeswoman Candice Barber.

“U.S. Security forces responded, and at no point was the security or protection of the base in question,” she wrote. “As a reminder to the public, access to a U.S. Navy installation is restricted to authorized personnel.”

The man identified himself as Minoru Tomono, 77, of Saitama prefecture, just north of Tokyo. He carried no identification and coast guard officials could not immediately confirm his identity, a coast guard spokesman said by phone Wednesday. Some government officials in Japan are required to speak to the media on condition of anonymity.

An investigation into the incident is ongoing, the spokesman said.

“We only know that he departed from Yonabaru Marina,” he said. Yonabaru is approximately 12 miles southwest of White Beach across the open water.

The man remains in custody at the Nakagusuku Coast Guard Office. Japan’s coast guard will either release him or forward his case to prosecutors within 48 hours of the arrest, the spokesman said.

If convicted of an offense, the man could face imprisonment for up to a year or a fine of up to 2,000 yen, or $12.67, according to the release.

White Beach Naval Facility, near the tip of Katsuren Peninsula, is used as a staging ground for U.S. Marines and their equipment on Okinawa, according to the Navy Region Japan website.

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Best Greece cruises: Top 5 ships sailing the Greek isles

F rom ancient mythology to wine and olives, there's a lot to love about Greece . There's something magical about the contrast between the deep-blue waters of the Aegean Sea and the ancient ruins and white buildings found on the Greek islands.

The best Greece cruises offer a well-rounded mix of islands and key Greece destinations: Athens for its ruins, Santorini for its blue-roofed churches, Mykonos for its shopping and nightlife, and Rhodes for its palace and charming cobblestone streets. You might even luck out and snag a visit to places like Turkey or Montenegro, too.

If you're not sure which ships to consider, here's a list of the best cruises to Greece for different kinds of travelers.

Note: Prices were accurate at the time of publication; they're subject to change without notice.

For more cruise guides, news and tips, sign up for TPG's cruise newsletter .

Best Greek isles cruises for families: Disney Dream

Disney Cruise Line is ideal for families. If a Disney cruise to Greece with kids sounds appealing, Disney Dream is the ship that will take you there.

The vessel isn't the line's newest, but it's also not the oldest, and you'll still find plenty to do on board. The 2,500-passenger ship's small size means it's easy to learn your way around. Even better, Disney Dream is typically more affordable than the line's newest vessels.

Dream offers jaw-dropping entertainment and daily character appearances, which means your children likely won't be bored on the ship. Its magical kids clubs feature a replica of Andy's room from "Toy Story" and the Millennium Falcon's cockpit from "Star Wars." (Expect surprise visits from R2-D2 or a squad of stormtroopers.)

Also, Greece is wrapped in tons of ancient history to spark your family's imagination. For example, in Athens, you might choose to take a guided tour of the Acropolis, followed by a "day in the life of an archaeologist" experience, where you'll search for treasures in a faux archaeological dig.

If the kids prefer something sportier, they might enjoy an excursion that takes visitors to the Panathenaic Stadium for a tour and a talk about the first Olympic games of the modern era.

Disney Dream sails five-, seven- and nine-night voyages from $322 per person, per night, for a windowless inside cabin. Some itineraries sail round-trip from Rome, while others cruise one-way between Rome and Barcelona with calls on Athens, Mykonos and other ports in Greece.

Related: Best cruise lines for families

Best adults-only Greece cruises for party animals: Resilient Lady

If you enjoy a lively megaship party atmosphere but you don't want an environment that's overrun with kids, Virgin Voyages ' Resilient Lady will likely be the best Greece cruise option for you.

Although Virgin's Greece itineraries are pretty standard, its onboard experience is what sets it apart in the region.

The adults-only ship combines a casual vibe with a ramped-up nightlife. You'll find passengers dressed like mermaids, crew dressed like drag queens and performers that more accurately represent a cross-section of real life than those whom you'll find on most other lines' vessels.

As part of what just might be the best entertainment at sea , nighttime shows run the gamut from lounge singers and seemingly impromptu atrium dance parties to secret below-deck visits to the "crew bar" for a drink. There's also Scarlet Night — a rave-like pool-deck dance party where everyone wears red.

If that's not wild enough for you, there's also an app that lets you order Champagne to wherever you are on board, free fitness classes that encourage you to dress up in your '80s best and even a tattoo parlor so you can make some bad decisions.

Resilient Lady sails seven-, 10- and 11-night cruises from Athens, starting at $145 per person, per night, for an inside cabin. The voyages feature a mix of stops in Greece (including Santorini and Rhodes and an overnight in Mykonos), Croatia, Turkey and Montenegro, depending on the specific itinerary you choose.

Related: The best adults-only cruises to try if you can't stand being around kids on vacation

Best budget-friendly Greece cruises: Rhapsody of the Seas

Want to check out Greece but have limited funds? Although you'll have to factor in potentially expensive flights to Europe to board, a voyage on Royal Caribbean 's Explorer of the Seas could be right up your alley.

The vessel is one of Royal Caribbean's oldest ships — it debuted in 2000 — but that doesn't mean you won't find fun onboard activities such as trivia, pool games, nightly theater performances, game shows, dancing and live music.

The best part if you're on a budget is the price. You can snag sailings of six, seven or eight nights from just $85 per person, per night, for an inside cabin. These cruises sail either between Rome and Athens or between Barcelona and Athens, or round-trip from Ravenna (the port for Bologna, Italy). Voyages include calls on Athens, Santorini and Mykonos, as well as ports in Cyprus and Turkey.

Related: How to get a deal on a cruise

Best small-ship luxury Greece cruises: Windstar's Wind Star

Windstar Cruises ' namesake, Wind Star, is a 148-passenger masted sailing yacht that offers a special Greek islands experience because it calls on some of the area's smaller ports in addition to Athens.

The ship is great for sailing aficionados. Because of its small size, it can visit smaller ports that larger vessels can't access. (Think Monemvasia, a town carved into rock, and Gythion, where you'll find caves and lovely beaches.)

Also, Wind Star is an upscale ship, which means you'll find elevated dining and service on board. All cabins offer at least one window. When you purchase an all-inclusive fare, Wi-Fi, gratuities and alcohol are rolled into the price.

Among other itineraries, the vessel sails weeklong cruises between Athens and Rome that call on Monemvasia and Gythion in Greece, as well as several ports in Italy. Rates start from $300 per person, per night, for an outside cabin.

Related: The best luxury cruise lines for elegance and exclusivity

Best locally based Greek isles cruises: Celestyal Journey

Celestyal Cruises is a line you don't hear about too often, but it's based in Greece, which means it has a unique perspective on Greek island sailings.

If you're looking for a cruise vacation that's full of local Greek flair, check out the brand's Celestyal Journey. The ship isn't new, but it's new to the line. Following an extensive refurbishment, and its Celestyal debut in late 2023, it's the youngest member of the line's fleet.

Holding about 1,200 passengers, Celestyal Journey is small enough that you'll still receive a personalized experience but large enough to offer a multitude of onboard amenities. Enjoy yourself at the spa and fitness center, eight bars, seven restaurants, a chef's table experience and two pools. The ship offers 630 cabins, including 149 balcony cabins, 120 junior suites and 28 full-fledged suite accommodations.

Itineraries offered by Celestyal Journey range from four to 28 nights, departing from either Athens or Thessaloniki. Most voyages include calls on well-known Greek ports like Santorini, Rhodes and Mykonos, while longer sailings also venture to places in Turkey and Montenegro. Prices start from $89 per person, per night, for an inside cabin.

Bottom line

The best cruises to Greece combine a mix of fascinating destinations with a ship that fits your budget and travel style. If you're still unsure which cruise to choose, check with a knowledgeable cruise travel agent who can help you sort through the options.

Have more cruise questions? TPG has answers:

Banned items: What not to pack for a cruise
Man overboard: Why do people fall off cruise ships?
What is baked Alaska, and why is it paraded around cruise ships?
What are the largest cruise ships in the world?
What is a gentleman host on a cruise?
What is the Jones Act and how does it affect cruise ships?
What is a lido deck on a cruise ship?
What's a cruise cabin guarantee and will it save you money?
What's the difference between a cruise concierge and a butler?

Editorial disclaimer: Opinions expressed here are the author’s alone, not those of any bank, credit card issuer, airline or hotel chain, and have not been reviewed, approved or otherwise endorsed by any of these entities.

COMMENTS

How To Sail Into the Wind (in 7 Simple Steps)
Make sure your sails are close-hauled and tight. Set your direction approximately 22 degrees from the direction of the apparent wind. If you sail left from the direction of the apparent wind, your front sail should be on the left side and vice versa. Your mainsail should be centered.
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The sail creates a low pressure zone in front of the sail and a high pressure zone behind the sail. The boat moves into the low pressure zone and is sucked forward. This is very like the idea of an aeroplane wing, which is curved in a similar way to a sailboat's sail as you can see below. In airplane wings, the pressure on the top of the wing ...
Sailing into the wind
Sailing into the wind is a sailing expression that refers to a sail boat's ability to move forward despite being headed into (or very nearly into) the wind. A sailboat cannot make headway by sailing directly into the wind ( see "Discussion," below); the point of sail into the wind is called "close hauled". Sailing into the wind is possible when ...
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Short answer how do sailboats sail into the wind: Sailboats can sail into the wind by utilizing a combination of aerodynamics and hydrodynamics. By angling the sails at an angle known as "close hauled", air passing over the curved shape of the sail generates lift, propelling the boat forward and allowing it to tack or
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Hannah Stockton: What was the initial inspiration for Wind, Tide & Oar? Huw Wahl: The inspiration initially stemmed from the first real experience I had of sailing.This was on my sister Rose's boat Defiance, a 22ft gaff-rigged cutter.. For almost a year Rose lived aboard on a mooring buoy on the River Orwell, in challenging conditions.
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How To Sail Into the Wind (in 7 Simple Steps)

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How Do Sailboats Sail Into the Wind: A Comprehensive Guide

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